SAMPLE American Government
THE ULTIMATE CREDIT-BY-EXAM STUDY GUIDE FOR: American Government 2 nd Edition
03/04/2024
Acknowledgements Wewouldliketothanktheauthorfortheirpatience,support,andexpertiseincontributingtothis studyguide;andoureditorsfortheirinvaluableeffortsinreadingandeditingthetext.Wewould also like to thank those at Achieve Test Prep whose hard work and dedication to fulfilling this project did not go unnoticed.Lastly,wewouldliketothanktheAchieveTestPrepstudentswho have contributed to the growth of these materials over the years.
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Contents
Chapter 1: United States Government Background
1
A. United States Government Background
1 2 6 8 9
B. Democracy
C. Political Power
D. Early Self-Government E. American Revolution
F. Background of the Constitution
15 16 18 20 24 25 27 28 30 31 34 36 45 45 50 50 51 53 54 56 59 60 63 65 67 68 68 70 73 73 36
G. The beginning of a National Government
H. Articles of Confederation
I. The Western Lands J. Shays’ Rebellion
K. Compromises and the US Constitution
L. Ratification of the Constitution
M. The US Constitution N. Limited Government O. The Bill of Rights
Chapter 1 Review Questions
Chapter 2: Political Parties and Congress
A. Political Parties
B. Dealignment - Bipartisanship - Independents
C. Campaign Finance D. Political Identity E. Divided Government F. Selection of Candidates
G. Voting
H. Rational Choice Theory
I. Voters
J. Electoral College
K. Congress: Powers and Organization
L. How Legislation Works
M. Filibuster
N. Veto
O. Pork and Earmarks
P. Congressional Elections Q. House of Representatives
R. Impeachment
S. The Senate
Chapter 2 Review Questions
75
Chapter 3: Congress: Rules and Operations Overview
77
A. Congress: Rules and Operations B. Congressional Committees
77 78 82 83 85 86 86 88 90 90 92 93
C. Seniority System
D. Lobbyists and Discipline E. Operations of Congress F. Structure of Congress G. Demographics of Congress
H. Election of the Congress Members
I. Powers of Congress
J. Impeachment
K. How a bill becomes a law
L. Lobbying
M. Taxes
102 106 110 111 116 117 120 121 124 130 133 134 141 143 145 148 149 158 160 161 162 164 164 143
N. Collection of Taxes and Payment of Debt O. Criminal Liability and Compensation of Congress
P. Budgeting
Q. Relations with Native Americans and Other Nations
R. Interstate Commerce Commission
S. Department of Commerce
T. Citizenship
U. Currency, Post Offices, and Inventions V. Federal Courts, War, State Militias W. Governance of Washington, D.C. X. Powers Congress does NOT have
Chapter 3 Review Questions
Chapter 4: The Presidency, Federal Bureaucracy, andthe Media
A. Executive Branch Responsibilities
B. The Cabinet
C. The Presidency
D. Presidential Powers
E. Presidential Succession Act (1947) F. Executive Office of the President
G. Responses to Crisis H. Approval Ratings
I. The White House Press Secretary J. The President as a Lobbyist
K. The Vice President
165 166 167 171 173 174 178 180 183 184 184 193 195 196 205 206 211 214 214 216 218 218 219 221 223 223 223 226 195
L. The First Lady and First Gentleman
M. Federal Bureaucracy
N. Privatization O. Deregulation P. Regulation
Q. Government Corporations
R. Civil Service Jobs
S. Making Rules
T. Bureaucracy and Congress
U. Media
Chapter 4 Review Questions
Chapter 5: Federal Courts, Civil Rights and PublicOpinion
A. Federal Courts, Civil Rights, and Public Opinion
B. Court Systems in the United States C. Civil Liberties and Civil Rights
D. The Bill of Rights
E. Federalism
F. American Immigration Policies G. Religious Freedoms H. Freedom of Expression I. Freedom of the Press J. War against Terrorism L. Feminist Movement M. Real ID Act (2005) N. Some Mistrust Issues K. Discrimination and Segregation
O. Public Opinion and Political Socialization
Chapter 5 Review Questions
Chapter Quiz Answer Key
228
Practice Exam
229
Chapter 1: United States Government Background Overview U.S.Governmentisthestudyofthehistoricalbackgrounds,governingprinciples,andinstitutionsofthe governmentwithintheUnitedStates.Thischaptercomprisestheprinciples,beliefsandhistorythatthe United States was founded upon. The structure, functions, and powers of government, aswellasthe principlesofpopularsovereignty,separationofpowers,checksandbalances,republicanism,federalism, and individual rights as all primary foci. Learning Objectives 1. Understand governmental structure, TheoriesofDemocracy,theSeparationofPowersandthe System of Checks and Balances. 2. BeabletoidentifyFederalism,ArticlesofConfederation,Three-FifthsCompromise,BillofRights and The Federalist Papers 3. Understand the development ofMajorityRule,MinorityRights,theGreatCompromise,andthe formulation and adoption of the Constitution. A. United States Government Background At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
The Government oftheUnitedStatesisdefined asarepresentativedemocracy.Ademocracyisa government in which political power influences institutions,leaders,andpoliciesandrestsinthe handsofthepeople.Arepublicisagovernment that does not haveamonarch.Thegovernment sets rules for a society and tries to keep it running smoothly, securely, and peacefully.
Some of the main functions of the government include:
Creating and enforcing laws : The government is responsible for creating laws intended to promote publicsafety,protecttherightsofcitizens,andmaintainorderwithinthecountry.Itisalsoresponsible for enforcing these laws through various agencies, such as the police and the judicial system. Providing public goods and services: The government provides several goods and services that are considered essential to the well-being of society, such as education, healthcare, and infrastructure. Managing the economy : The government plays a significant role in managing the country'seconomy through various tools, including monetary policy (conducted by the Federal Reserve)andfiscalpolicy (conducted through the budget process).
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Protecting national security : The government is responsible for protecting thecountryfromexternal threats, such as military attacks, and terrorism, and maintaining diplomatic relations with other countries.Regulatingindustryandcommerce:Thegovernmentregulatesvariousaspectsofindustryand commerce to protect consumers and promote fair competition. The government plays many other roles and responsibilities in the United States, and the specific functions of the government can vary depending on the level of government (federal, state, or local).
How did the Government originate?
Why was the Government created?
When was the Government created?
The government originated through the efforts of notable figures such as Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, and James Madison, who were guided by Enlightenment principles such as liberty, equality, and justice; to establish a new form of government.
The Founding Fathers designed the government to prevent any single individual, political party, or group from gaining too much power and control. The Founding Fathers proposed a national government. Powers were
The United States government was created on September 17, 1787, with the signing of the United States Constitution. The Constitution established the framework for the United States federal government, which replaced the Articles of Confederation as the country's governing document.
divided between three separate branches of government:
The Executive The Legislative The Judiciary
● ● ●
JamesMadisonwasadelegateattheConstitutionalConventionin 1787, where he played a key role in drafting and ratifying the United States Constitution. He is known as the "Father of the Constitution" for his contributions. He also drafted the first ten amendments,alsoknownastheBillofRights.GeorgeWashington presided over the convention.
Who wrote the Constitution of the United States?
B. Democracy The word “democracy” derives from a Greek word translated as “the rule of people.” Democracy pertainstotheformofgovernmentinwhichthepeople’spowerisexerciseddirectlyorindirectlythrough asystemofrepresentationusuallyinvolvingperiodicallyheldfreeelections.Therearedifferenttypesof democracies. Directdemocracy :Thisisaformofgovernmentinwhichalllawsandpoliciesimposedbygovernments are determined bythepeoplethemselvesratherthanbyrepresentativeswhoareelectedtorepresent the people, such as Brexit. Every member of society participates directly in the political process. Americans exercise direct democracy when they vote directly on political issues, and the majority wins.
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Indirectdemocracy(representativedemocracy) :Inarepresentativedemocracy,membersofasociety vote for leaders to represent them in the decisions and actions of the politicalprocess.Thishelpsto largely reflect the population's general will. TheUnitedStatesisarepresentativedemocracy.Thismeansthatcitizenselectthegovernment.Citizens vote for their government officials. These officials represent the citizens’ ideas and concerns in government. Every citizen who is 18 years of age, is not a felon serving time in prison, or has not, because of insanity, been placed under the supervision ofanotherpersonhas suffrage ortherightto vote. To the United States, Japan, South Korea & New Zealand, democracy means freedom.
● Freedom of speech ● Freedom of religion
● Freedom of protest non-violently against the government ● Freedom to be uninvolved (Australia requires voting) Other countries may say they are a democracy, but it's only in name such as North Korea. What are the principles of American democracy?
Participation
Can vote and express their opinions
Equality
Everyone’s vote counts
Tolerance
Differences in viewpoints are accepted
Accountability
Take responsibility
Transparency
No deals under the table
Republic
A political system without a monarch
Fair elections
Elections are free from manipulation, or coercion
Economic freedom
Members can control their own labor and property
Human rights
Live by-laws to maintain order
Proper use of power
Cannot use their positions for personal gain
The rule of law
Live by-laws, to maintain order
The right to vote
Thisisanessentialelementofdemocracyinanycountry.Free,fair,andfrequentelectionsmeasurehow democratic a country is. ● In1828,thepresidentialelectionwasthefirstinwhichnon-property-holdingwhitemalescould vote in most states.
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● By the end of the 1820s, attitudes andstatelawshadshiftedinfavorofuniversalwhitemale suffrage. FormuchofUnitedStateshistory,therighttovotewasrestrictedordeniedforthepoor,peopleofcolor, andwomen.The14thAmendmenttotheU.S.Constitutiongrantsfullcitizenshiprights,includingvoting rights, to all men born or naturalized in the United States. Representative democracy
Three basic institutions fulfill representative democracy
Representative democracy is based on many complex principles
● Electorate ● The representative body ● The center of political decision-making
The most important principles are:
● Equality of all citizens before the law ● Free and fair elections ● Protection and respect for human life ● The legitimacy of state power ● Fulfillment of popular sovereignty ● Political pluralism ● Majority rule and minority rights ● Separation and restriction of power ● The legality of state power
Direct democracy and recall elections Directdemocracycanbestbeseeninarecallelection.A recall election (also called a recall referendum, recall petition,orrepresentativerecall)isaprocedurebywhich, in certain polities, voters can remove an elected official from office through a referendum before that official's term of office has ended. Different forms of direct democracy
Two leading forms of direct democracy
● Participatory democracy ● Deliberative democracy
Semi-direct democracies : Representatives administer day-to-day governance, but the citizens remain the sovereign allowing for four forms of popular action:
The popular referendum process allows voters to approve or repeal an act of the legislature. The citizen initiative process enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot. Twenty-four states have citizen initiative processes.
Referendum
Initiatives
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Recall
This is the power of the voters to remove elected officials before their terms expire.
An active effort through a set of policies and practices to improve employment or educational opportunities for members of minority groups and women.
Affirmative Action
Theories of democracy
Everyonehastherighttoparticipateingovernmenteitherbydirectorrepresentative vote. This situation works well on a small scale. People with common interests form organized groups to promote their causes and influence the political party agenda. This theory maintains that no single group, industry, or government agency dominates politics. A theory of government and politics contending that groups are so strong that the government is weakened. A small number of individuals, groups, and industries hold the mostpoliticalpower and influence. President Eisenhower, in his farewell address, warned against the possible problems created by the”military-industrial complex,” which is symbolic of theelitismingovernment.Somebelievethatnomatterhowthevoteturnsout,asmall group of elites will do what they want.
The Traditional Theory
The Pluralist Theory
Hyperpluralism
The Elite Theory
What's the theory of Madison? James Madison : The Father of the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and the 4th President of the United States established a government whose very structure would encourage the growth of fractions (now special interest groups). He believed that limiting factions would ultimately violate individual freedoms. He wrote about factions (now specialinterestgroups)andhowpeoplewouldargue for those rights that affected them if it wasn’t for the good of the nation. Special interest groups : A group of people or organizations seeking or receiving special advantages, typically through political lobbying. Pluralism : Pluralism as a political philosophy is the recognition and affirmation of diversity within a political body.
● Executive ● Legislative ● Judicial
The Madisonian model is a structure of government in which the powers of the government are separated into three branches:
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Chapter 2: Political Parties and Congress Overview
ThefocusofthislessondiscussespoliticalpartiesoftheUnitedStates.Thischapterwilllookdeeplyinto thehistoryofpoliticalparties,howthey’vechangedovertime,andwheretheyaretoday.Moreover,we willdelveintothenatureofthirdparties,theirinfluence,andhowtheyassistinshapingpoliticalpolicy. Additionally, this lesson examines the powers and organization of the United States Congress. Learning Objectives 1. Understand and analyze the type and nature of political parties and voting patterns. 2. Understand the powers and organization of the United States Congress. 3. Know and recognize the qualifications US citizens must have to be elected to Congress. A. Political Parties Apoliticalpartycomprisesindividualswhoorganizetowinelections,operategovernment,andinfluence publicpolicy.Sincethe1850s,theDemocraticandRepublicanpartieshavebeentheprimarypartiesin Congress. What led to the rise of political parties? PoliticalfactionsorpartiesbegantoformduringthestruggleoverratificationofthefederalConstitution of1789.Frictionbetweenthemincreasedasattentionshiftedfromcreatinganewfederalgovernment to the question of how powerful that federal government would be. The Constitution encouragedthe concept of two political parties. How were most political parties formed in American history? In the 1700s and early 1800s, senators were divided into rival parties based on the support of and oppositiontothepoliciesofPresidentsGeorgeWashingtonandJohnAdamsregardingforeignrelations withGreatBritainandFranceandthefederalgovernment'srole.Foundedin1828,theDemocraticParty istheoldestofthetwolargestU.S.politicalparties.TheRepublicanPartywasofficiallyfoundedin1854. Thehistoriesofbothpartiesareintrinsicallyconnected.Wecantracethetwoparties'historybacktothe Founding Fathers. At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
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Congress - Powers and Organization
The Constitution grants Congress the sole authority to enact legislation and declare war, the right to confirm or reject many Presidential appointments, and substantial investigative powers. Congress is a bicameral legislature divided into two equal institutions: the House of Representatives and the Senate. They each have their own roles and responsibilities; they work together to pass legislation. No bill can become law without passing both the House and Congress.
Powers of Congress
How Congress Runs
The current holder of an office or position in relation to an election. This person has an obligation to the position or office they hold.
Incumbents
If a federal official commits a crime or otherwise acts improperly, the House of Representatives may impeach (formally charge) that official. If the official subsequently is convicted in an impeachment trial, he is removed from office.
Impeachment
It makes and passes federal laws. The House is one of Congress’s two chambers and part of the federal government’s legislative branch.
House of Representatives
The Senate is considered the upper chamber of Congress. Every state elects two U.S. Senators, comprising 100 members in the Senate.
Senate
Political parties and voting patterns The US Constitution does not address political parties essentially. The country has had two political parties. However, the founding fathers had hoped to avoid them. GeorgeWashington favoredthe FederalistParty ;theopposingpartywasthe Democratic-Republican Party, which favored strong state governments (the first president under this party was Thomas Jefferson ). ● Political Parties : America is a multi-party system. Democratic and Republican parties are currently the primary parties in the country.. Other parties (third parties), such as the U.S., including the Reform, Socialist, Green Party, Libertarians, Constitution Party, and Natural Law Party, can promote candidates in a presidential election. ● Electing Officials : In most states, state offices include the Governor, Lieutenant Governor, Secretary of State, Attorney General, State Supreme Courts Justices, Comptroller, Treasurer, State Senators, and state legislators. These officials are elected by the voters of the districts they serve. ● Voting :AmostcommonvotingmethodusedinU.S.electionsisthefirst-past-the-postsystem, where the highest-polling candidate wins the election. Under this system, a candidate only requires a plurality of votes to win rather than an outright majority.
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● Electoral College : The Electoral College is the process we use to elect the U.S. President. Established intheU.S.Constitution(Articlell,Section1),itspurposeistospreadthepowerto electthepresidentacrossall50states.Itwasdesignedtoensurethatthemorepopulousstates wouldn’t overpower the smaller states when choosing the nation’s leader. What were the major political parties in colonial America? The Federalists dominated until 1800, while the Republicans dominated after 1800. The parties originated in national politics and soon expanded their efforts to gain supporters and voters in every state. The Federalists appealed to the business community, and the Republicans to the planters and farmers. Before the American Civil War , there were: Democratic-Republicans, Whigs, National Republicans, Anti-Masonic, Free Soilers, and Democrats.
The first Republican President was Abraham Lincoln (1861-1865) Abraham Lincoln, elected in 1860, was an American lawyerandstatesmanwho served as the 16th President of the United States from 1861 until his assassinationin1865.WiththeRepublicanParty’ssuccessinguidingtheUnionto victoryintheAmericanCivilWarandtheParty’sroleintheabolitionofslavery,the Republican Party largely dominated the national political scene until 1932. Why did the United States develop a two-party system?
PoliticalfactionsorpartiesbegantoformduringthestruggleoverratificationofthefederalConstitution of1787.Frictionbetweenthemincreasedasattentionshiftedfromcreatinganewfederalgovernment to the question of how powerful the federal government should be. In the 1820s, Democratic-Republicans in Congress divided over questions about the federal government's powers. Later,between1824and1840,emergingpoliticalpartieswouldtransformAmericanpolitics,engaging the general public in politics and organizing two rival parties dedicated to a different vision of the constitution and government. The role and nature of third parties ThirdParties arealsocalled minorpartiesandspoilers .Theyarespoilersbecausetheydonothavea chance of acquiring electoral votes.
● Economic protest parties ● Ideological parties ● Libertarian Party
● Issue parties ● Factional parties ● Green Party
The importance of third parties in a political system ● Grants voters another avenue to voice their opinion ● Takes some influence and power away from the two major parties
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Chapter 3: Congress: Rules and Operations Overview
Overview
Congressisdividedinto2houses:theHouseofRepresentativesandtheSenate.Inthislesson,wewill explore the organizationofCongress,standingcommittees,temporarycommittees,andtheprocessof impeachment. Learning Objectives
At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:
1. Understand the parts of Congress, Lobbyists, the Congressional Record, and howcommittees operate. 2. Understand how the US budget operates, currency, post offices, and inventions. 3. Discuss the federal courts, war powers, state militias, and the powers of Congress. A. Congress: Rules and Operations Section 5, Article I ● EachHouseshallbethejudgeoftheelections,returns,andqualificationsofitsmembers,anda majority of each shall constitute a quorum to dobusiness,butasmallernumbermayadjourn from day to dayandmaybeauthorizedtocompeltheattendanceofabsentmembers,insuch manner, and under such penalties, as each House may provide. ● Each House may determine the rules of its proceedings, punish its members for disorderly behavior, and expel a member with the concurrence of two-thirds, expel a member. ● Each House shall keep a journal of its proceedings and, from time to time,publishthesame, excepting such parts as may, in their judgment, require secrecy. The yays and nays of the members of either House on anyquestionshall,atthedesireofone-fifthofthosepresent,be entered in the journal. ● Neither House,duringthesessionofCongress,shall,withouttheconsentoftheother,adjourn for more than three days nor to any other place than that in which the two Houses shall be sitting. How does Congress operate? Congress enacts laws that influence the daily lives of all Americans and is intended to serve as the people'svoice.Itsresponsibilitiesincludefundinggovernmentfunctionsandprograms,holdinghearings to inform the legislative process, and overseeing the executive branch.
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What body determines the rules of the US Congress? TheConstitutionauthorizeseachHousetodeterminetherulesofitsproceedings.Underthatauthority, theHouseofRepresentativesadoptsitsrulesaneweachCongress,ordinarilyontheopeningdayofthe first session. B. Congressional Committees Congressional committees dothemajorityoftheworkandresearchfortheselegislativebodies.They provide valuable information services to Congress by investigating and reporting about specialized subjects. Congress divides its legislative, oversight, and internal administrative tasks among approximately 200 committees and subcommittees. Within assigned areas, these functional subunits: ● gather information ● compare and evaluate legislative alternatives ● identify policy problems and propose solutions ● select,determine,andreportmeasures for full chamber consideration ● monitor executive branch performance (oversight) ● investigate allegations of wrongdoing. Investigatory functions are important fordraftingandwritingnewlaws,suchastheHousedischarge petitionprocess.However,committeesoftendominatethisprocessduetoitscomplexity.From1995to 2007, only 1 out of73dischargepetitionssubmittedtothefullHousesuccessfullysecuredadecisive vote for a bill. Congressional Committees are divided into areas they are familiar with in their life (military men on military committees). Committees are divided into subcommittees . What is the purpose of the congressional committee? Committees monitor ongoing governmental operations, identify issues suitable for legislative review, gather and evaluate information, and recommend courses of action to the Senate. What role do congressional committees play in the legislative process? Through investigations and hearings, committees gather information on national and international problems withintheirjurisdictiontodraft,consider,andrecommendlegislationtothefullmembership of the Senate. Only a small percentage of bills considered by committees reach the Senate floor. Which congressional committee is influential in the legislative process? TheSenateCommitteeonJudiciaryisconsideredoneofthemostinfluentialcommitteesintheUnited States Congress. Established in 1816 as one of the originalstandingcommitteesintheSenate,ithas broad legislativejurisdictionandplaysacentralroleindiscussingsocialandconstitutionalissues.The committeeisalsoresponsibleforoverseeingtheactivitiesoftheexecutivebranchandisinvolvedinthe initial stages of the confirmation process for all federal judicial nominations.
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Standing committees Standing Committees arepermanentcommittees.Thestandingcommitteeisapermanentcommittee inCongressthatlastsfromsessiontosession.Standingcommitteesreviewbillsaboutbroadissuessuch as education, health care, or the budget. There are twenty standing committees in the House of RepresentativesandsixteenintheSenate.Theydeterminewhichbillsthefullchambershouldconsider under their jurisdiction or authority.
Standing committees in the Senate
Standing committees in the House
● Agriculture, Nutrition, and Forestry ● Appropriations ● Armed Services ● Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs ● Budget ● Commerce, Science, and Transportation ● Energy and Natural Resources ● Environment and Public Works ● Finance ● Foreign Relations ● Health, Education, Labor, and Pensions ● Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs ● Judiciary ● Rules and Administration ● Small Business and Entrepreneurship ● Veterans' Affairs
● Agriculture ● Appropriations ● Armed Services ● Budget
● Education and Labor ● Energy and Commerce ● Ethics ● Financial Services ● Foreign Affairs ● Homeland Security ● House Administration ● J udiciary ● N atural Resources ● Oversight and Reform ● Rules ● Science, Space, and Technology ● Small Business ● Transportation and Infrastructure
● Veterans' Affairs ● Ways and Means
Special or Select Committees A specialorselectcommitteeisatemporarycommitteeestablishedbyCongresstoperformaspecific task orinvestigation.Theyarealsocalledadhoccommittees.Thesecommitteesmayormaynothave the authority to draft and report legislation. They are often investigative and dissolve once their designateddutiesarecompleted.However,someselectcommitteesaretreatedaspermanentstanding committees and continue from one Congress to the next. Some select committees have significantly impacted legislation, and American history, such as the Missouri Compromise Select Committee established in 1821, which helped draft a compromise on the question of slavery in newly admitted states.Both the Senate and the House have:
● Appropriations Committees ● Armed Service Committees ● Judiciary Committees
● Veterans Affairs Committees ● Homeland Security Committees
The Senate also has a Government Affairs Committee.
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