Developmental Psychology

Achieve Test Prep: Developmental Psychology

Other styles of parenting have been studied and include: democratic-indulgent and rejecting- neglecting styles. Both of these styles have low expectations or demands and punishment is not relied upon as a method of control. These styles differ in warmth: democratic-indulgent parents are warm and responsive to their children, while rejecting-neglecting parents are cold and disengaged. Sibling Relationships and Birth Order: Relationships between siblings are complicated and differ from parent-child and peer relationships. Sibling relationships are the longest relationships of a child’s life and they tend to be intense relationships. Sibling rivalry often begins during the preschool years because children begin to compete for parental attention. Birth order has been researched intensely and such research has provided many conclusions. Only children tend to be verbal earlier, more creative, and struggle in the social relationships. When only children are exposed to social experiences, they develop the social skills other children demonstrate. The eldest children tend to achieve more in traditional fields, while middle and younger children achieve more in creative or social fields. Of course, there are exceptions to every rule or generality. The temperament and personality of a child are more influential factors of future achievement than birth order. Play Behaviors: Preschool and kindergarten age children are active people. Children in this age range play with most children their age, but start to show favoritism to one gender of peers. Many types of ‘play behavior’ can be observed in children of this age range: • Unoccupied behavior: the child does not actively play, but stands and contemplates playing • Solitary play: children play by themselves with toys that are different than the toys near their person • Onlooker behavior: a child may watch others play, but will not play with them. • Parallel play: children play next to (parallel) other children using similar toys • Associated play: children play together in a disorganized manner • Cooperative Play: children play together in an organized manner The aforementioned types of play can be categorized and classified by: 1. Functional play: simple, repetitive motions with or without toys 2. Constructive play: using objects to construct something

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