Developmental Psychology

Achieve Test Prep: Developmental Psychology

Chapter 7: Adolescence

Overview: During this chapter, the physical, cognitive, and social development of adolescence will be explored. In addition, conflicts and concerns which may arise during this time are discussed. This framework provides another layer for a strong foundation in understanding development across the lifespan. Objectives: By the end of this chapter, you should be able to recognize, understand, and explain: • Stages of physical development in adolescence • Piaget’s Formal Operational Stage of Development along with principles of adolescent egocentrism proposed by Elkind Physical Development: Adolescence is marked by the onset of a period of physical growth, puberty, , and sexual maturation. Most adolescents begin puberty between eight and fourteen years old. Females generally begin puberty two years earlier than boys. Females reach menarche between the ages of nine and sixteen, but genetics play a role in the age of menarche. Sisters typically experience their first menstrual periods an average of thirteen months apart. Identical twins reach menarche approximately 2.8 months apart. Puberty is triggered by hormonal changes. These hormonal changes can be triggered by the environment. Due to environmental changes, specifically hormones and antibiotics, puberty is beginning earlier. The hormonal changes lead to physical changes in both males and females, leading to the appearance of secondary sex characteristics. • Males : growth of testes, penis, pubic hair, first ejaculation, voice changes, development of facial hair, and growth spurts • Females : breast growth, pubic hair, first menstrual period (menarche), widening of the hips, and growth spurts. A growth spurt is characterized by a sudden and rapid growth of the entire body. The extremities grow first, then the torso and the rest of the body. Internal organs increase in size and • Marcia’s research about identity statuses and characteristics • Influence of family, peers, and vocations of adolescents

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