English Composition

English Composition Study Guide When writing an essay it is important to use logic and reasoning to make the argument stronger. Writers should carefully plan their argument and ensure there are sufficient, strong examples to support their stance. 5.3 Types of Arguments There are three main types of arguments: Toulmin, Aristotelian, and Rogerian. Each of these arguments uses different techniques to prove a point. One type is not necessarily better than another; the writing situation and the author’s stance will dictate which type of argument is best to use. • Toulmin: This type of argument works best when there are many sides to an argument and the main purpose is to analyze the complex situation. The parts of this method include a claim, grounds, warrant, backing, qualifier, and rebuttal. Each of these parts is a paragraph within the writing and has a specific purpose for deconstructing the argument. • Aristotelian: This type of argument attempts to convince a reader to feel a certain way about a topic. The writer introduces a topic, presents his or her case, addresses opposing views, provides sufficient proof, and presents a strong conclusion. The Aristotelian argument also employs the use of ethos, pathos, and logos to persuade readers. o Ethos: This is the use of sources to build credibility. It helps convince a reader that they should find the writer credible and agree with his or her point of view. o Pathos: This appeals to the emotions of the readers to convince them to believe a certain point of view. o Logos: This appeals to the logic of readers. It involves presenting a clear and logical point of view for the audience to believe. • Rogerian: This type of argument attempts to take a complex situation and find a middle ground. In this format, the writers introduce the problem, acknowledge the opposing side, present their side, and then bring the two sides together to create a more balanced perspective.

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