Ethics

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Ethics Table of Contents	3
Chapter 1: Ethics and Ethical Reasoning	8
1.1 What is Morality?	8
1.2 What is Ethics?	8
1.3 Normative Ethics	8
1.4 Non-Normative Ethics	9
1.5 Moral Judgments, Argumentation, and Reasoning	10
1.6 Argumentation: Basic Terms and Concepts	10
1.7 Chapter One Quiz	12
Chapter 2: Ethical Relativism and Meta-ethics	15
2.1 Ethical Relativism	15
2.2 Support for Ethical Relativism	16
2.3 Criticisms of Relativism	16
2.4 Other Meta-Ethical Theories	17
2.5 Chapter Two Quiz	19
Chapter 3: Egoism, Contractarianism, and Utilitarianism	22
3.1 Egoism	22
3.2 Contractarianism	23
3.3 Utilitarianism	24
3.4 The Utilitarian Theorists	24
3.5 Subtypes of Utilitarianism	25
3.6 Chapter Three Quiz	27
Chapter 4: Deontological Theories	29
4.1 Deontological Ethics	29
4.2 Immanuel Kant	29
4.3 Existentialism	32
4.4 Nietzsche: On the Genealogy of Morals	32
4.5 Chapter Four Quiz	35
Chapter 5: Virtue Ethics, Natural Law Theory, and Communitarianism	37
5.1 Virtue Ethics	37
5.2 Natural Law	39
5.3 Communitarianism	41
5.4 Chapter Five Quiz	44
Chapter 6: Feminism, Equality, and Duty	46
6.1 Feminine Ethics	46
6.2 Simone de Beauvoir	47
6.3 John Rawls	48
6.4 William David Ross	49
6.5 Chapter Six Quiz	51
Chapter 7: Justice, Rights, and Liberty	53
7.1 Justice	53
7.2 Types of Justice	53
7.3 Rights	55
7.4 Liberty	56
7.5 Autonomy	57
7.6 Chapter Seven Quiz	58
Chapter 8: Medical Issues	60
8.1 Public Health	60
8.2 Informed Consent	60
8.3 Abortion	60
8.4 Surrogacy	62
8.5 Euthanasia	62
8.6 Resuscitation	64
8.7 Hospice	64
8.8 Chapter Eight Quiz	67
Chapter 9: Environmental Issues	70
9.1 Environmental Ethics	70
9.2 The Land Ethic	72
9.3 Chapter Nine Quiz	73
Chapter 10: Social and Personal Issues	75
10.1 Friendship	75
10.2 Natural Law and Sex	75
10.3 Other Sexual Issues	76
10.4 Equality and Discrimination	79
10.5 Punishment and Terrorism	80
10.6 Chapter Ten Quiz	84
Chapter 11: Professional and Business Issues	86
11.1 Business Ethics	86
11.2 Human Resources	87
11.3 Affirmative Action	87
11.4 Whistleblowing	88
11.5 Chapter Eleven Quiz	89
Practice Exam	91
Appendix A: Overview of Ethical Theories, Theorists, and Terminology	108
Appendix B: Answer Keys	117

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