Fundamentals of Math

Fundamentals of Mathematics

Chapter 6: Data Analysis From Pandora offering you a radio station of your favorite hits to scientists researching a cure for cancer - data collection and its usage remains an integral part of our lives. Therefore, we the people (and not just big business) must understand how well-meaning data is collected and analyzed. That is actually what data analysis is - the process of evaluating data using analytical and statistical tools to discover useful information and aid in decision making. In this chapter, we will study how to interpret various types of graphs and use them to make well-informed decisions. Also, unless otherwise noted, all the data presented in this chapter is fictitious and should not be used to make any decisions.

6.1 Characteristics of a Good Graph

Before we begin dissecting specific types of graphs and their purpose, there are a few essentials all graphs should use. Be wary of graphs in the media - they will often omit many of these features to establish bias and persuade readers to fall for their claims.

Well defined studies and meaningful graphs should always have everything clearly labeled. The graph will include a descriptive title, label its axes, and give you units (if needed) to help keep things in perspective.

If a graph includes a scale, it should be easy to interpret, count by consistent increments, and ideally, always start at zero. It should also count in an increment that gives meaning to the data so that things are not clustered too close together rending the graph useless or difficult to read. Also, it's not uncommon for graphs to count by different units (e.g., day of the week vs. items sold), but as the reader, you should not have to struggle to figure this out.

Also, be cautious of "trendy" graphs - although they are visually appealing, they are often difficult to read and interpret, making the actual analysis of the data a challenge. Graphs like these are often used by either novice data scientists or professionals trying to mislead or exaggerate their point.

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