Humanities Study Guide

Humanities Study Guide

3.2 Feudal Europe With the invasion of the Vikings, much of the European continent was in constant war, and more estates and manors began to form. Noblemen ruled these areas and employed laboring peasants under military oath to serve them in times of distress. With the rise in the popularity of manors and estates, these noblemen's homes became more intricate, often big, stone castles. 3.3 Monastic Style Monastic ideas began to spread throughout society. Derived from the word "monastery," these ideas followed a pattern of withdrawing from normal society and living in seclusion. Monks usually lived well below their means, eating minimal food and abstaining from luxuries, yet they were similar to feudal estates with servants at the bottom and monks at the top. The architecture in a monastery reflects this minimalist idea of life. Abbeys were constructed for monks to live in, and had simple but notable architectural elements, like arched walkways leading to courtyards. Monasteries rose in both popularity and size during this time. 3.4 Romanesque Style As its name suggests, the grandeur and statement pieces of Roman architecture inspired the Romanesque style. As previously discussed, the classic elements like rounded arches, massive walls, and barrel vaults were reflected in Romanesque structures. Architecture There are four elements of Romanesque architecture that are important to discuss The tympanum is the large, semicircle space above a door with an elaborate sculpture, as usually seen in churches. The space between the doorway for a life-sized sculpture is called the trumeau. The lintel is the beam under the tympanum that typically has smaller sculptures engraved on it. Finally, the decorative moldings that frame the arch of the doorway are called archivolts. People can see these elements in Tympanum of the Last Judgment found on the Cathedrale Saint-Trophime in d'Arles. Liturgical is a musical term meaning music with sacred text or for religious purposes. Eventually, musicians began adding melismas, or short chains of notes, changing tunes into slightlymore melodic pieces compared to the usual chants. These melismas became ever-present in the Gregorian chants that developed into a two-part melody. Melismas were then embellished with words, adding concepts to the music, or tropes . These changes 3.5 Early Medieval Music, Drama, and Philosophy Music Music in the middle ages was primarily liturgical chants.

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