Macroeconomics

‭Real GDP per capita calculates the share of an economy’s output per individual‬ ‭as follows:‬ ‭Real GDP per capita =‬ ‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬ ‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬ ‭The‬ ‭percentage‬ ‭change‬ ‭in‬ ‭the‬ ‭real‬ ‭GDP‬ ‭per‬ ‭capita‬‭between‬‭two‬‭consecutive‬‭years‬‭then‬‭allows‬‭for‬‭the‬ ‭calculation of the‬ ‭economic growth rate‬ ‭.‬ ‭× 100‬ ‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭2‬‭‬−‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭1‬‭‬ ‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‭‬‬‭ ‭‬‬‭ ‬‭‬‭ ‬‭‬‭1‬ ‭For‬‭example,‬‭a‬‭country‬‭that‬‭recorded‬‭a‬‭real‬‭GDP‬‭per‬‭capita‬‭of‬‭$6,000‬‭in‬‭2021‬‭and‬‭$6,500‬‭in‬‭2022‬‭has‬ ‭witnessed an economic growth rate of [(6,500 − 6,000)/6,000] × 100 ≈ 8.33%.‬ ‭Economic growth rate =‬

‭But why not use real GDP to measure economic growth? Here’s an example to illustrate the difference.‬

‭Suppose‬‭a‬‭country‬‭recorded‬‭a‬‭real‬‭GDP‬‭fgure‬‭of‬‭$3‬‭billion‬‭in‬‭2022.‬‭What‬‭does‬‭that‬‭tell‬‭us‬‭about‬‭people’s‬ ‭standards of living? Not much.‬

‭Now,‬ ‭imagine‬ ‭the‬‭country‬‭has‬‭a‬‭population‬‭of‬‭10‬‭million‬‭people.‬‭The‬‭real‬‭GDP‬‭per‬‭capita‬‭would‬‭then‬‭be‬ ‭calculated‬ ‭as‬ ‭follows:‬ ‭$3‬ ‭billion/10‬ ‭million‬ ‭people‬ ‭=‬ ‭300.‬ ‭This‬ ‭means‬ ‭that‬ ‭each‬ ‭person‬‭in‬‭this‬‭country‬ ‭represents $300 of the country’s total production in 2022, which is relatively low.‬ ‭Now,‬‭consider‬‭a‬‭scenario‬‭where‬‭the‬‭country‬‭has‬‭a‬‭smaller‬‭population‬‭of‬‭1‬‭million‬‭people.‬‭The‬‭real‬‭GDP‬‭per‬ ‭capita would then be $3,000, a relatively higher individual contribution to output.‬ ‭In‬ ‭other‬ ‭words,‬ ‭real‬ ‭GDP‬ ‭per‬ ‭capita‬ ‭represents‬ ‭the‬ ‭GDP‬ ‭or‬ ‭production‬ ‭per‬ ‭person.‬ ‭It‬ ‭serves‬ ‭as‬ ‭an‬ ‭indicator‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭general‬ ‭welfare‬ ‭and‬ ‭standard‬ ‭of‬ ‭living‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭population‬ ‭,‬ ‭as‬ ‭well‬ ‭as‬‭the‬‭economic‬ ‭development‬‭of‬‭the‬‭country‬‭in‬‭comparison‬‭to‬‭other‬‭economies.‬‭As‬‭economic‬‭growth‬‭increases,‬‭real‬‭GDP‬ ‭per‬‭capita‬‭also‬‭increases,‬‭thereby‬‭improving‬‭people’s‬‭standards‬‭of‬‭living‬‭by‬‭achieving‬‭a‬‭higher‬‭output‬‭per‬ ‭person.‬ ‭GDP per Capita as a Measure of Prosperity:‬ ‭ ➔ ‬ ‭GDP‬ ‭per‬ ‭capita,‬ ‭as‬ ‭mentioned,‬ ‭measures‬ ‭the‬ ‭economic‬ ‭output‬ ‭of‬ ‭a‬ ‭country‬ ‭on‬ ‭a‬ ‭per-person‬ ‭basis.‬ ‭It‬ ‭is‬ ‭an‬ ‭essential‬ ‭metric‬ ‭for‬ ‭assessing‬‭the‬‭standard‬‭of‬‭living‬‭and‬‭prosperity‬‭of‬‭a‬‭nation's‬ ‭residents.‬

‭ ➔ ‬ ‭By‬ ‭calculating‬ ‭GDP‬ ‭per‬ ‭capita,‬ ‭we‬ ‭can‬‭better‬‭understand‬ ‭how‬ ‭a‬ ‭country's‬‭economic‬‭growth‬‭translates‬‭into‬‭tangible‬ ‭benefts‬ ‭for‬ ‭its‬ ‭citizens.‬ ‭It‬ ‭provides‬ ‭insights‬ ‭into‬ ‭the‬ ‭average‬ ‭income‬ ‭and‬ ‭economic‬ ‭well-being‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭population.‬

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