N105: Essentials of Nursing Care - Health Differences

Essentials of Nursing Study Guide

©2017 Achieve Test Prep Page 116 of 160 • Circumduction: the movement of the distal part of bone in a circle while the proximal end stays fixed, like moving a leg up, to the side, and down in a circle • Eversion: the turning of the sole of the foot outward by moving the ankle joint • Inversion: the turning of the sole of the foot inward by moving the ankle joint • Pronation: the moving of bones of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces downward when held in front of the body • Supination: the moving of the bones of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces upward when held in front of the body • Protraction: the moving of a part of the body forward in the same plane parallel to the ground, like jutting the chin out Age related considerations: • Infants: move the head from side to side • Toddlers: have fine motor coordination and gross motor skill • Preschoolers: physical growth slows, and control of the body and coordination increases • School-age children: they gain weight rapidly, so encourage sports, physical play, and chores • Adolescents: puberty is the first stage of adolescence in which the sexual organs grow and mature • Middle adulthood: the years of stability and consolidation • Older adults: at this age the skin changes, there is increased skin pallor, fragility, decreased reaction time, loss of height, decreased smell; respiratory efficiency is reduced The changes in the elderly that can affect mobility include the following: • Increased bone reabsorption and decreased bone formation • Dehydration of intervertebral discs causes a narrowing of the disc space and a decrease in height between 3 -5 cm • Erosion and thinning of cartilage • Decrease in the size and number of muscle cells, resulting in reduced muscle mass • Decrease in size and number of muscle capillaries, resulting in decreased removal of metabolites • Uptake of glucose during exercise and hormonal stimulation by testosterone, somatotropin, and thyrotropin • Decrease in muscle response to neurotransmitters, resulting in decreased nervous system stimulation • Decrease in functional muscle strength, between 30-50%, resulting in reduced muscle endurance, diminished muscle tone, and increased fatigability