N105: Essentials of Nursing Care - Health Differences

Essentials of Nursing Study Guide

©2017 Achieve Test Prep Page 66 of 160 • Respiratory center : a number of groups of neurons located in the medulla oblongata and pons of the brain • C hemosensitive center: in the medulla oblongata these are responsive to increases in blood CO2 or hydrogen ions • C arotid bodies: special neural receptors sensitive to decreases in oxygen concentration (they are located just above the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries) • Hypoxic drive: when oxygen concentrations, not carbon dioxide concentrations regulate respiration Landmarks • Mid-sternal line: a vertical line running through the center of the sternum • Mid-clavicular lines: right and left vertical lines front the midpoints of the clavicles • Anterior axillary lines: right and left vertical lines from the anterior axillary folds • Posterior axillary line: a vertical line from the posterior axillary fold • Mid-axillary line: a vertical line from the apex of the axilla • Vertebral line: a vertical line along the spinous processes • Scapular line: a right and left vertical line from the inferior angles of the shoulder blade • Lungs: divided into upper and lower lobes • Angle of Louis: the junction between the body of the sternum and the manubrium; the intercostal spaces are numbered according to the number of the rib above the space. Chest shape • Infants : thorax is rounded and cylindrical through about six years of age • Adults: thorax is oval/elliptical • Elderly: kyphosis and osteoporosis alter the size of the chest cavity as ribs move downward and forward Normal respiratory rate (average and range) • Newborns: 35 (30-80) • 1-3 years: 30 (20-40) • 6-8 years: 20 (15-25) • 10 years: 19 (15-25) • Teen years: 18 (15-25) • Adult: 16 (12-20) • Older Adult: 16 (15-20) Respiratory regulation

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