N108: Transition to the Registered Professional Nurse

N108: Transition to the Registered Professional Nurse Role Study Guide Analysis of the influence on practice of these nursing theorists can be done using the nursing standards (process). The nursing process refers to the process of assessing, planning, intervening and evaluation, which can be related to the ANA’s Standards of Practice. There are two groups of nursing theorists: a stability model of change or a growth model of change. The stability model emphasizes caring and includes Orem, Watson, Peplau, Rogers, Parse, and Neuman. The growth model includes King, Johnson, Neuman and Roy. 3.3 Evidence-Based Research Evidence-based research refers to the integration of the best evidence available into expert nursing care, therapy, and treatment proven in clinical research. Evidence-based practice integrates three important components: knowledge produced through rigorous and systematic inquiry, the experience of the clinician, and the values of the patient. Research findings, quality improvement data, other forms of evaluation data, and expert opinion are examples of evidence-based research and can be used to identify ways to improve patient care. Barriers to practicing on the basis of best evidence can be categorized into several themes, one of which is the perceived peer emphasis on the status quo: “We’ve always done it this way.” Steps of Evidence-Based Practice • Cultivate a spirit of inquiry • Ask a clinical question • Search for and collect relevant evidence • Critically appraise the evidence • Integrate the evidence • Evaluate outcomes • Disseminate outcomes Research Nursing research began after World War II, when academic nursing programs expanded rapidly. Nurses began obtaining graduate degrees and learning how to conduct research. Gradually more journals in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada began to focus on nursing research. A research study begins with an unanswered question. Literature is reviewed thoroughly to determine what is already known about the question. The question is then refined based on the knowledge available and identified variables (things in the setting that vary or change) and questions about how they are interrelated. In a traditional research study, a hypothesis (statement of the expected relationships) is established. A research study is designed to gather information that will help answer the question. The study is carefully carried out, and the information collected is analyzed. Then the researcher reaches a conclusion about what has been learned from the study, discusses the application of the study to nursing, any concerns with the study are presented, and identifies further

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