N212: Health Differences Across the Life Span 2

Health Differences Across the Lifespan 2 Study Guide

©2017 Achieve Test Prep Page 31 of 140 Trust versus Mistrust (Birth to 18 Months) • The infant is taking the world in through the mouth, eyes, ears, and sense of touch. • A baby whose mother is able to anticipate and respond to its needs in a consistent and timely manner, despite its oral aggression, will learn to tolerate the inevitable moments of frustration and deprivation. • A person who, as a result of severe disturbances in the earliest dyadic relationships, fails to develop a basic sense of trust or the virtue of hope may be predisposed as an adult to the profound withdrawal and regression characteristic of schizophrenia. Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt (18 Months to 3 Years) • This is an oral-sensory stage of infancy, marked by the potential development of basic trust aiming toward the achievement of a sense of hope. • Here, the child will develop an appropriate sense of autonomy, otherwise doubt and shame will undermine free will. • An individual who becomes fixated at the transition between the development of hope and autonomous will, with its residue of mistrust and doubt, develop paranoiac fears of persecution. • Disturbances in the transition of this stage result in perfectionism, inflexibility, stinginess, and ruminative and ritualistic behavior of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder. Initiative versus Guilt (3 to 5 Years) • Here, the child’s task is to develop a sense of initiative as opposed to further shame or guilt. • The lasting achievement of this stage is a sense of purpose. • The child's increasing mastery of motor and language skills expands its participation in the outside world and stimulates omnipotent fantasies of wider exploration and conquest. Industry versus Inferiority (5 to 13 Years) • Here the child is in school. • He tries to master the crisis of industry versus inferiority aiming toward the development of a sense of competence. Identity versus Role Confusion (13 to 21 Years) • At puberty, the fifth stage, the task of adolescence is to navigate their “identity crisis” as each individual struggles with a degree of “identity confusion.” • The lasting outcome of this stage can be a capacity for fidelity.