N212: Health Differences Across the Life Span 2

Health Differences Across the Lifespan 2 Study Guide • Hepatic encephalopathy: The liver does not clear ammonia and related nitrogenous substances from the blood, which are carried to the brain, affecting cerebral functioning • Neglect of personal appearance, unresponsiveness, forgetfulness, trouble concentrating, or changes in sleep habits • Sensitivity to medication caused by decreased metabolism of the active compounds • Hepatocellular carcinoma is primary liver cancer, a frequent complication of cirrhosis; it has a high mortality rate • Portal hypertension: Blood normally carried from the intestines and spleen through the hepatic portal vein flows more slowly and the pressure increases; this leads to the following complications: o Ascites: Fluid leaks through the vasculature into the abdominal cavity o Esophageal varices: Collateral portal blood flow through vessels in the stomach and esophagus (portacaval anastomosis); these blood vessels may become enlarged and are more likely to burst o Problems in other organs. Cirrhosis can cause immune system dysfunction, leading to infection. Signs and symptoms of infection are more difficult to recognize and include: • Fluid in the abdomen (ascites) may become infected with bacteria normally present in the intestines (spontaneous bacterial peritonitis) • Hepatorenal syndrome: insufficient blood supply to the kidneys, causing acute renal failure; very high mortality rate (over 50%) • Hepatopulmonary syndrome: blood bypassing the normal lung circulation (shunting), leading to cyanosis and dyspnea (shortness of breath), characteristically worse on sitting up • Portopulmonary hypertension: increased blood pressure over the lungs as a consequence of portal hypertension • Portal hypertensive gastropathy: changes in the mucosa of the stomach in patients with portal hypertension and is associated with cirrhosis severity Biliary cirrhosis is caused by an obstruction of bile canaliculi and ducts and results in necrosis and fibrosis; it can be autoimmune or the result of tumors, gallstones, or chronic pancreatitis. Primary biliary cirrhosis , often abbreviated PBC, is an autoimmune disease of the liver marked by the slow progressive destruction of the small bile ducts (bile canaliculi) within the liver. When these ducts are damaged, bile builds up in the liver (cholestasis) and over time damages the tissue. This can lead to scarring, fibrosis, and cirrhosis. The sex ratio is at least 9:1 (female to male). Post necrotic cirrhosis results from chronic, severe liver disease such as hepatitis; it is also caused by inherited metabolic liver disorders such as Wilson’s disease. Cirrhosis develops slowly, and the severity and rate of progression depends on the cause and repeated injury to the hepatocytes. Assessment: orthostatic measurement of BP and pulse, temperature, and weight; decreased ability to metabolize CHOs, which leads to hypoglycemia, decreased energy, and alterations in glycogenolysis, glyconeogenesis, and glycogenesis; general malaise; pruritus; jaundice; scleral ©2017 Achieve Test Prep Page 91 of 140