NCLEX-PN

●​ Risk factors for diabetes include obesity, family history, and high body mass index. Gestational diabetes risk increases with age (over 25), history of stillbirth, or large-for-gestational-age infants. Nearly half of gestational diabetes cases lead to future type 2 diabetes. ●​ Symptoms of diabetes, such as frequent urination and thirst, may be absent. Hence, pregnant women are screened. ●​ Maternal complications include hypertension, ketoacidosis, infections, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. ●​ Fetal complications include hydramnios, hypoglycemia, jaundice, respiratory distress, excessive birth weight, spontaneous abortion, and preterm birth. P.​ Hypertension , whether existing or gestational, can arise during pregnancy, especially around the 20th week . Younger than 20 or older than 40 increases risk, along with diabetes, renal disease, family/personal history, multiple pregnancies, first pregnancy, and molar pregnancy. ●​ Hypertension's severity is categorized as mild, mild preeclampsia, severe preeclampsia , and HELLP ( H emolysis, E levated L iver E nzymes, L ow P latelet count). ●​ Treatment involves medical monitoring, lifestyle changes, and antihypertensive drugs like methyldopa, hydralazine, labetalol, and nifedipine. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers are generally avoided. ●​ Maternal hypertension complications include premature delivery, low birth weight, preeclampsia, and eclampsia. Q.​ Preeclampsia typically precedes eclampsia, although exceptions exist. It usually emerges after the 20th week of pregnancy, initially presenting with proteinuria and hypertension. The most severe complications occur when these conditions arise before the 35th week of pregnancy, potentially progressing to life-threatening eclampsia. Risk factors for preeclampsia and its progression to eclampsia include: ○​ Diabetes ○​ Obesity ○​ Hypertension ○​ Multiple pregnancies ○​ Maternal age over 35 ○​ African American ethnicity In addition to proteinuria and hypertension, preeclampsia affects various body systems, leading to: ●​ Gastrointestinal symptoms like nausea and vomiting ●​ Neurological changes like hyperreflexia, headache, clonus, and dizziness ●​ Altered hepatic function indicated by elevated liver enzymes and serum transaminases ●​ Renal dysfunction indicated by proteinuria, oliguria, and creatinine elevation

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