NCLEX-PN

●​ Fetal complications involve oligohydramnios, meconium aspiration, umbilical cord compression, high mortality, birth trauma, and shoulder dystocia. ●​ Maternal complications are generally limited to difficulties during labor and delivery due to the typically larger size of post-term babies. U.​ Subchorionic hematoma is a blood clot between the pregnancy membranes and uterine wall, causing maternal bleeding. Symptoms include vaginal bleeding and abdominal cramps, which may be absent at times. V.​ Hydatidiform moles result from paternal chromosomal aberration, being complete or partial. A complete hydatidiform mole lacks a fetus. Classic signs include grape-like clusters visible in the vagina, along with pelvic pressure, maternal hypertension, vaginal bleeding, rapid uterine growth, anemia, and nausea/vomiting. W.​ Hyperemesis gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting, typically occurring in the first trimester. However, some pregnant women may be affected throughout the entire pregnancy. It's defined as persistent nausea for most of the day and vomiting three or more times daily. Symptoms also include hypotension, tachycardia, dizziness, dehydration, and weight loss. X.​ Incompetent cervix involves premature effacement and dilation, diagnosed around the fourth month. Symptoms include cramping, vaginal spotting or bleeding, and changes in vaginal discharge. If left untreated it can lead to the rupture of the membranes and a miscarriage unless it is successfully treated. Y.​ Anemias : Iron deficiency anemia and folic acid deficiency anemia are complications during pregnancy's antepartum period. Both can adversely affect the mother and fetus. ●​ Folic acid deficiency risk factors include certain medications, a history of neural tube defects, excessive folic acid excretion, gastrointestinal malabsorption, inadequate dietary folic acid, and increased demand during pregnancy. Symptoms include diarrhea, depression, confusion, and glossitis. Folic acid deficiency can lead to fetal brain and neural tube abnormalities. ●​ Iron deficiency anemia , resulting from increased iron demand, maternal iron deficit, inadequate intake, and plasma volume expansion without proportional hemoglobin increase, peaks during the second trimester. Symptoms include pallor, headache, irritability, pica, shortness of breath, fatigue, brittle nails, and palpitations. ●​ Iron deficiency anemia complications for the fetus include prematurity, low birth weight, and fetal demise, while the mother may experience infections, postpartum hemorrhage, and preeclampsia. L aboratory diagnostic tests show an Hgb < 11 mg/dL during the 1st and 3rd trimesters, an Hgb < 10.5 mg/dL during the 2nd trimester, and an Hct < 33% . Treatment involves ferrous sulfate or iron dextran if oral supplementation is intolerable. ●​ These complications emphasize the importance of proper care and monitoring throughout pregnancy to ensure both maternal and fetal health.

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