NCLEX-PN

Some individuals experience both types. Insomnia can be acute or chronic , and factors like pain and anxiety contribute to its occurrence. Chronic-intermittent insomnia combines periods of sleeplessness with periods of restful sleep. Females and older adults are particularly susceptible to insomnia. Consequences include daytime fatigue, irritability, impaired concentration, and decreased problem-solving abilities. Non-REM Sleep The sleep cycle comprises non-REM sleep and REM sleep . Non-REM sleep occurs without rapid eye movements (REM). This sleep phase has four stages: ●​ Light sleep ●​ Light sleep with motionless eyes ●​ Deep sleep with delta waves ●​ Deep sleep with increased delta brain waves About 80% of sleep is non-REM sleep, cycling throughout the night. Physiologically, non-REM sleep results in a lowered basal metabolic rate, intracranial pressure, blood pressure, heart rate, cardiac output, muscle relaxation, and peripheral circulatory vasculature. REM Sleep Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep is deep sleep accompanied by rapid eye movements and dreams. This stage features increased brain activity, dreams, and decreased muscle and reflex activity. Narcolepsy Narcolepsy entails excessive daytime sleepiness caused by a hypocretin deficiency in the brain region that governs sleep regulation. Hypersomnia Hypersomnia involves excessive daytime sleepiness despite sufficient sleep the previous night. It can result from various physical factors, such as hypothyroidism , central nervous system dysfunction , and metabolic alterations like diabetic ketoacidosis. Parasomnia Parasomnia denotes sleep disorders that disrupt sleep. Examples include sleepwalking, sleep talking, teeth grinding (bruxism), nocturnal enuresis (bedwetting), and restless leg syndrome. Sleep Apnea Sleep apnea is characterized by breathing pauses during sleep . Types include obstructive sleep apnea (linked to anatomical obstructions), central sleep apnea (stemming from central nervous system deficits), and mixed sleep apnea (a combination of central and obstructive apnea).

379

© 2025 ACHIEVE ULTIMATE CREDIT-BY-EXAM GUIDE | NCLEX-PN ​

​

​

​

​