NCLEX-PN

●​ Normal Sinus Rhythm : Heart rate between 60 and 100 beats per minute, regular atrial and ventricular rhythms, uniform P waves preceding each QRS complex, PR interval of 0.12 to 0.20 seconds, uniform QRS complexes (0.06 to 0.12 seconds).

●​ Sinus Bradycardia : Heart rate less than 60 beats per minute, with regular atrial and ventricular rhythms, uniform P waves, PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and uniform QRS complexes. ○​ Secondary to factors like hypothyroidism, medications (e.g., beta-blockers, digitalis), increased intracranial pressure, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, heart disease, and inferior wall myocardial infarction. ○​ Symptoms: Chest pain, cool, clammy skin, weakness, fatigue, confusion, syncope, and shortness of breath. ○​ Treatment: Depends on the underlying cause and symptoms, with atropine and cardiac pacing used in symptomatic cases.

●​ Sinus Tachycardia : Heart rate exceeding 100 beats per minute, regular atrial and ventricular rhythms, uniform P waves, PR interval (0.12 to 0.20 seconds), and uniform QRS complexes. ○​ Causes : Various factors, including hyperthyroidism, certain medications, hypertension, stress, anxiety, pain, electrolyte imbalances, heart disease, and substance abuse. ○​ Symptoms : Chest pain, dizziness, shortness of breath, palpitations, syncope, and more. ○​ Treatment : Depends on the underlying cause and the client's symptoms.

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