NCLEX-PN

Four Main Types of Shock

Hypovolemic shock arises when the blood volume in the body decreases significantly which diminishes the amount of blood entering the heart, consequently reducing the amount of blood pumped out to the rest of the body. Common causes: ●​ Severe blood loss ●​ Serious dehydration Distributive shock occurs when excessive dilation of blood vessels leads to a significant drop in blood pressure and inadequate blood flow to vital organs. Types of distributive shock include: ●​ Anaphylactic shock : caused by severe allergic reactions ●​ Septic shock : when bacteria and their toxins cause serious damage to tissues or organs. ●​ Neurogenic shock : damage to the central nervous system, usually a spinal cord injury.

Obstructive shock arises when blood flow is impeded due to obstructions in the heart, arteries, or veins. Common causes: ●​ pneumothorax ●​ hemothorax

●​ cardiac tamponade ●​ pulmonary embolism

Cardiogenic shock occurs when the heart's pumping ability is severely impaired, preventing it from supplying enough blood to meet the body's needs. Common causes: ●​ damage to heart muscle ●​ irregular/very slow heart rhythm

F. Arterial Blood Gas An arterial blood gas ( ABG ) test is a medical procedure that measures the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood, as well as its pH balance. This information can help healthcare providers assess the respiratory system, circulatory system and metabolic processes especially in emergency situations. Unlike a venipuncture, which draws blood from a vein, an ABG test requires a sample of arterial blood, which is taken from an artery in the wrist or groin. This is because arterial blood carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the rest of your body. ●​ Oxygen saturation (SaO 2 ): This measures how much hemoglobin in the blood is carrying oxygen. ●​ Partial pressure of oxygen (PaO 2 ): This measures the amount of pressure exerted by oxygen in the blood. ●​ Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO 2 ): This measures the amount of pressure exerted by carbon dioxide in the blood. ●​ pH : This measures the acidity or alkalinity of the blood. ●​ Bicarbonate (HCO 3 ): This is calculated using the measured values of pH and PaCO 2 to determine the amount of the asic compound made from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Here are some of the most common settings where ABG tests are ordered: The arterial blood sample is then analyzed in a laboratory to measure the following:

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