Nursing 105

Essentials of Nursing Study Guide

©2018 Achieve Page 106 of 160 Types of Exercise • Isotonic (dynamic): This is active ROM exercises. The muscle shortens to produce muscle contraction and active movement. There is an increase in muscle tone, mass, and strength. Isotonic exercise maintains joint flexibility and circulation. Isotonic exercises increase heart rate and cardiac output to increase blood flow to all parts of the body. • Isometric (static): This is a change in muscle tension with no change in muscle length and no muscle or joint movement. Isometric exercise maintains strength in immobilized muscles in casts or traction. Isometric exercises can moderately increase heart rate and cardiac output. • Isokinetic (resistive): This is when the muscle contracts or there is tension against resistance. It can be either isotonic or isometric. Isokinetic exercises are used to build up certain muscle groups. • Aerobic : This form of exercise occurs when the oxygen taken into the body is greater than or equal to the amount the body requires. Aerobic exercise uses large muscle groups, is performed continuously, and is rhythmic in nature, such as walking, jogging, running, dancing, skiing, jumping rope, rowing, and swimming. Aerobic exercise improves cardiovascular conditioning and physical fitness. Passive ROM exercises require another person to move the client’s joints through its complete range of movement, maximally stretching all muscle groups. Quadriceps-setting is the use of weights in older adults. • Anaerobic : This is an activity in which muscles cannot draw out enough oxygen from the bloodstream; it is used in endurance training for athletes. The intensity of exercise can be measured in three ways: • Target heart rate: Calculate a person’s maximum heart rate by subtracting the current age from 220, then multiplying 60-85%. A target heart rate of at least 60% of maximum heart rate is recommended. • Talk test: When exercising, a person should be able to carry on a conversation even with some labored breathing. • Borg scale of perceived exertion: This scale measures how difficult the exercise feels to the person. The categories are very, very light, very light, fairly light, somewhat hard, hard, very hard, and very, very hard. The client needs to strive for “somewhat hard and approximately 75% of maximal heart rate. Benefits of Exercise • Musculoskeletal system: increase in size, shape, tone, and strength is maintained with mild exercise; increased with strenuous exercise; increases joint flexibility and range of motion; bone density is maintained through weight bearing • Cardiovascular system: increased cardiac output to 30 L/min (normal 5 L/min) • Respiratory system: oxygen increases to as much as twenty times normal intake (normal ventilations are 5-6 L/min)