Nursing 105

Essentials of Nursing Study Guide

©2018 Achieve Page 115 of 160 but not beyond, and never to the point, of discomfort. Perform the movements systematically, using the same sequence during each session. Perform each exercise three times. Performeach series of exercises twice daily. For older adults, it is not essential to achieve full ROM in all joints. Emphasize achieving sufficient ROM to carry out ADLs. Types of Joints • Synarthroidal: immovable joints; examples are skull sutures, epiphyseal plates, and the joint between the first rib and manubrium of sternum • Amphiarthroidal: slightly moveable joints; examples are vertebral joints and the joint of the symphysis pubis • Diarthroidial: freely movable joints; consistent features of diarthroidial joints are the ability to move freely, a fibrous joint capsule, a joint cavity, synovial membrane that lines the inner surface of the joint capsule, lubricating synovial fluid secreted by the synovial membrane, and articular cartilage that covers the bony surfaces; types of diarthroidial joints are hip joints between the femur and pelvis • Ball-and-socket: the ball-shaped head fits into concave socket of another bone • Condyloid: an oval-shaped condyle (protuberance at the end of a bone) that fits into elliptical (oval, egg-shaped) cavity of another bone; examples are the wrist joint between the radius and carpals • Plane: a synovial joint that only allows a gliding movement; usually flat; examples are finger joints between the carpal bones • Hinge: a spool-like surface that fits into a concave surface of another bone; an example is the elbow joint between the humerus and the ulna and radius • Pivot: an arch-shaped structure that rotates about rounded, or peg-like, pivots; an example is the joint between the atlas and the axis • Saddle: a saddle-shaped bone that fits into a socket that is convex on one side and concave on the other; an example is the thumb joint between the trapezium and the metacarpal Types of Joint Movements • Flexion: decreasing the angle of the joint, like bending the elbow • Extension: increasing the angle of the joint, like straightening the elbow • Hyperextension: further extension or straightening of the joint, like bending the head backward • Abduction: the movement of the bone away from the midline of the body, like moving a leg out to the side • Adduction: the movement of bone toward the midline of the body, like moving a leg back to the other leg • Rotation : the movement of the bone around its central axis, like turning the head