Nursing 105

Essentials of Nursing Study Guide

©2018 Achieve Page 73 of 160 tonsillar regions; blood Tests such as CBC and ABG are drawn; electrocardiography, pulmonary function tests, and visualization procedures such as x-ray, lung scan, endoscopy, angiography, and echocardiography; hemodynamic studies is a study of the forces or pressure involved in bloodcirculation • Collecting a sputum sample: collect first thing in the morning after offering mouth care; ask the patient to breathe deeply two to three times and then cough up and spit out the sputum into a specimen cup; nurse should always wear gloves when collecting a specimen; after the specimen has been collected, offer mouthwash to remove any unpleasant taste; use proper labeling and transport in a biohazardous bag with documentation of the patient’s response; document color, amount, odor, consistency and presence of hemoptysis; sputum may be collected for a “C and S” (culture and sensitivity), cytology (to diagnose lung cancer, which requires three consecutive morning collections); sputum for AFB (acid fast bacilli) is used to identify tuberculosis (collections are obtained over three consecutive mornings and requires a special sputum container) • Throat cultures: collected from the oropharynx around the tonsillar region by swabbing the mucus; nurse wears gloves and asks the client to open his/her mouth and extend the tongue saying “ah” to reduce the gag reflex while collecting the swab specimen 3.5 Blood Blood Products and Blood Groups There are four main blood groups (A, B, AB and O). The surface of the red blood cells contains a protein (antigen) that is unique and determines the blood grouping. These antigens are also called agglutinogens because they promote clotting of the blood. The A antigen is present on the group A red cell, the B antigen is present on the B cell, the A and B antigens are both present on the AB cell, and neither antigen is present on the O group cell. O blood type is the universal donor. AB blood type is the universal recipient. Rhesus (Rh+) Factor is present in about 85% of people in the population. Rh positive blood contains the antigens. Rh negative blood does not contain antibodies to Rh positive blood. When exposed to Rh-positive blood, the Rh-negative blood will produce antibodies for defense against the next exposure. A classic example is a RH negative mother with a Rh positive fetus. The mother will produce antibodies (Rh), so the next pregnancy with a Rh-positive fetus will result in that fetus’ cells being attacked by the mother’s Rh antibodies. Products for Transfusion Whole blood is not commonly used except for extreme cases of acute hemorrhage or for cardiac surgery. Whole blood replaces blood volume and all blood products (RBCs, plasma, plasma proteins, fresh platelets, and other clotting factors). Red blood cells are used to increase the oxygen carrying capacity of blood in anemia, surgery, and