Nursing 209

N209: Reproductive Health Study Guide

Infertility Causes in Men • Abnormal sperm production: Related to undescended testes, diabetes, genetic defects, and prior surgery or trauma • Sperm delivery problems: Premature ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and history of vasectomy • Toxin exposure: Pesticides, steroid use, tobacco use, frequent hot tub or sauna use, and chemotherapy • Varicocele: Enlarged vessels on testes causing an increase in temperature, altering sperm count Infertility Causes in Women • Ovulation issues: PCOS, excessive exercise, eating disorders, tumors, and decreased ovarian reserve • Uterine or cervical abnormalities: Abnormal shape of uterus, fibroids (impair implantation), cervical problems, or an alteration in cervical mucous • Blockage of fallopian tubes: History of PID, endometriosis, and adhesions • Primary (or premature) ovarian insufficiency: Early menopause prior to age 40 • Pelvic adhesions: Scarring from infection or surgery in abdomen or pelvis • Thyroid abnormalities • Chemotherapy • Over age 35 Infertility Testing Women: • Ovarian function: FSH levels on day 3-5 of menstrual cycle • Hysterosalpingogram (HSG): To check patency of fallopian tubes with injection of dye into uterus to assess travel through the tubes • Ultrasound: To assess for abnormal shape or fibroid Men: • Semen analysis: Used for checking motility, morphology, forward progression, count, total semen volume, and liquefaction of semen (from gel at ejaculation to liquid) • Kruger morphology test: Examines the size and shape of sperm head; 14% with normal heads considered normal • Cultures to rule out STDs should be performed Normal Semen Lab Values • Volume: 2.5ml

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