Nursing 209

N209: Reproductive Health Study Guide Alcohol o Most commonly used teratogen in pregnancy o No amount of alcohol is risk-free in pregnancy o Can result in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome • Cocaine o Causes fetal vasoconstriction and hypoxia • Marijuana o Crosses placenta; can lead to PTD, LBW, and Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome • Bath Salts o Amphetamine-like drugs o Can cause fetal vasoconstriction and hypoxia • Caffeine o Small amounts have shown no fetal risk (1 cup of coffee/up to 200 mg) o Studies show more than seven cups per day can increase risk for stillbirth, PTD, LBW, and spontaneous abortion • Aspartame o Moderate ingestion appears to have little risk in pregnancy o Should be avoided with anyone having PKU • Opiods o Cross placenta and can increase risk for spontaneous abortion, PTD, and SGA o Heroin, methadone, and morphine o Fetal withdrawal symptoms may occur 6-8 hours after birth • Amphetamines o Can cause congenital heart defects, IUGR, and birth defects Placenta: Has two separate circulatory systems o Fetal-placental circulation • Umbilical cord: Formed from the same zygote as the fetus and attaches from the fetus to the placenta where it transfers materials to and from the mother’s blood with direct mixing o Contains two arteries and one vein within a substance called Wharton’s Jelly  Umbilical arteries (two): Send unoxygenated blood from the fetus to the placenta where it becomes oxygenated o Umbilical vein (one): Oxygenated blood returns to the fetus by way of the umbilical vein • Foramen Ovale •

3.11 Fetal Circulation •

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