Nursing 209

N209: Reproductive Health Study Guide • Occurs in 1:500-1000 newborn males • Affects male physical and cognitive development • Have small testes that do not produce adequate testosterone • Characteristics: Incomplete puberty, breast development, decreased body hair, and infertility • May also have learning disabilities, and delayed language and speech Fragile X Syndrome • Caused by mutations in the FMRI gene (inherited in an X-linked dominant manner) • Causes learning disabilities and cognitive impairment • Affects males more severely than females • One-third of those with fragile X have features of autism disorder (communication and social difficulties) • Characteristics: Long, narrow face, large ears, prominent jaw/forehead, and unusually flexible fingers; in males, especially large testes • May also have anxiety and ADD • Women with pre-mutation have an increased risk to have a child with fragile X • Men with pre-mutation will pass it on to all of their daughters and none of their sons (because boys receive only a Y chromosome from their fathers) 6.7 Neurological Defects Cerebral Palsy • 85-90% of cases of cerebral palsy are congenital, occurring before or during birth • Acquired cerebral palsy: Occurs more than 28 days after birth due to infection or injury • Risk factors: Low birth weight, preterm delivery, multiple births, ART, infections during pregnancy (chicken pox, rubella, and CMV), kernicterus, and birth complications • Types o Spastic: The most common type; 80% of those with CP  Increased muscle tone with stiff muscles  May see “scissoring” with walking  Can affect one side of the body, the legs, or all four extremities with trunk and face included o Dyskinetic: Problems controlling movement of all four extremities o Ataxic: Problems with balance and coordination  Difficulty walking, sucking, swallowing, and talking  Difficulty writing and reaching for objects

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