Nursing 212

Health Differences Across the Lifespan 2 Study Guide defined by their relationship to conscious thought: the conscious, preconscious, and unconscious. • Conscious level of mind refers to the portion of mental activity and content that is directly available to immediateperception. • Preconscious level of mind refers to mental content and processes that are notconscious but can be readily accessed by the direction of attention. • Unconscious level of mind refers to a set of mental processes and content that operates outside conscious awareness. Theory of Narcissism Narcissism refers to excessive love or admiration of oneself (self-love). The term also refers to the erotic pleasure derived from contemplation or admirationof one's own body or self, especially as a fixation on or a regression to an infantile stage of development. Primary narcissism refers to the state in which desire and energy drives one’s instinct to survive. Secondary narcissism occurs when the libido withdraws from objects outside the self, producing a relationship to social reality that includes the potential for megalomania. Adlerian Therapy Adlerian therapy is a growth model. It stresses a positive view of human nature and that we are in control of our own fate and not a victim to it. The goal of Adlerian therapy is to challenge and encourage the patients' goals. These goals may be from any component of life including parenting skills, marital skills, ending substance-abuse, and most anything else. The therapist will focus on and examine the patients' lifestyle and will try to form a mutual respect and trust. They will then mutually set goals and the therapist will provide encouragement to the patient in reaching their goals. The therapist may also assign homework. Behavior Therapy In this type of therapy, it is believed that behaviors are learned and that we are a product of our environment. Behavior therapy utilizes reinforcement and imitation for normal behavior and abnormal behavior is a direct result of defective learning. The therapy includes a treatment plan where the goals and expected outcome of the treatment will be laid out up front. To eliminate unwanted behaviors, the patient needs to learn new behaviors. This may include assertion, behavioral rehearsal, coaching, cognitive restructuring, desensitization, modeling, reinforcement, relaxation methods, self-management, or new social skills. Both the patient and therapist need to take an active role in learning the more desired behavior. Behavior therapy is suited to deal with depression, disorders in children's behavior, phobias, sexual disorders of any type, andstuttering. Operant Conditioning Techniques used in operant conditioning include: • Positive reinforcement: increasing a behavior by administering areward • Negative reinforcement: increasing a behavior by removing an aversive stimulus when a behavior occurs

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