Nursing 212

Health Differences Across the Lifespan 2 Study Guide

Dermatitis, alopecia, andedema Smooth, beefy red glossitis Red skin lesions Insomnia Weakness Mental confusion

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• Ataxia, paralysis of extremities, and peripheral neuritis • Diarrhea • Dilatedcardiomyopathy • Eventually dementia Treatment: Use nicotinamide, a chemical related to niacin. The frequency and amount of nicotinamide administered depends on the degree to which the condition has progressed. 2.6 Delirium Tremens (DTs) Delirium tremens (also referred to as shaking frenzy, the DTs, the horrors, or the shakes) is an acute episode of delirium that is usually caused by withdrawal from alcohol. Benzodiazepines are the treatment of choice for delirium tremens (DTs). Withdrawal from sedative-hypnotics other than alcohol, such as benzodiazepines or barbiturates, can also result in seizures, delirium tremens, and death if not properly managed. Withdrawal from other drugs which are not sedative-hypnotics, such as caffeine and cocaine, does not have major medical complications and is not life-threatening. Withdrawal reactions as a result of physical dependence on alcohol is the most dangerous and can be fatal. It often creates a full-blown effect which is physically evident through shivering, palpitations, sweating, and in some cases, convulsions and death if not treated. Signs and symptoms: Clouding of consciousness, visual hallucinations (monsters, spiders trying to kill them), confusion, diarrhea, insomnia, nightmares, disorientation, agitation, and other signs of severe autonomic instability (fever, tachycardia, hypertension) are common signs. Symptoms may appear suddenly but can develop 2–3 days after cessation of drinking heavily with its highest peak of intensity on the fourth or fifth day. Treatment: Benzodiazepines, Thiamine (prevents Wernicke's), multiple vitamins, hydration, Prochloroperazine (anti-psychotic), Carbamazepine (anti-eleptic), Clomethiaziale (produces relaxation and decreased craving for alcohol) are all treatments. Patient’s should also follow a high calorie diet and avoid proteins and fat.

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