Nursing Entrance Exam

Nursing Preparation Study Guide 6. A gliding joint allows side-to-side and backwards and forwards movement. An example is the clavicle (collarbone) gliding on the sternum (breastbone) and scapula (shoulder blade). Muscles: Muscles help the skeleton with movement and this skeletal muscle attaches to the bones with tendons. Three types of muscle tissue exist: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle, the only voluntary muscle tissue, moves the body by pulling on bones of the skeleton. Cardiac muscle tissue pumps blood through the circulatory system. Smooth muscle tissue pushes fluids and solids along the digestive tract and regulates the diameters of small arteries. Tendons: Tendons are fibrous connective tissues that connect bone to muscle. These structures work with muscles for movement. Ligaments: Ligaments connect bone to bone, such as the cruciate ligaments in the knee. Cartilage: There are different types of cartilage in the body, some of which is at the joints of moveable bones, helping joints to move freely. Cartilage can also act as a shock absorber for the skeleton. 6.4.3 Common Diseases and Disorders • Dislocation: A dislocation or luxation occurs when bones displace at the joint. Sudden trauma, such as a fall, can cause a dislocation. • Fractures: These occur when there is a break in the bone. A closed (or simple fracture) means that the skin is unbroken, whereas an open fracture has a wound at the fracture site. • Osteoporosis: A condition in which there is a reduction in bone density, increasing the chance of fractures. Due to hormone changes, this is more common in post-menopausal women. • Osteoarthritis: Degeneration of the joints due to mechanical stress; cartilage is lost. • Osteomyelitis: Infection of either the bone or its marrow. • Spur: Spurs, or osteophytes, form on bone as it ages; often caused with the onset of arthritis. 6.4.4 Medical Terminology • Collagen: This is part of connective tissue. There are many different types of collagen, which is found in scar tissue, skin, hair, cartilage, ligaments, bone, and many other bodily tissues. • Connective tissue: This is a fibrous tissue with many structural roles, and is found in tendons, bone, cartilage, and ligaments. • Endochondral ossification: The name for the development of the skeleton after birth. • Greenstick fracture: This fracture only occurs in children when the bones are still soft. • Hematopoiesis: The name given to the process by which different components of the blood develop in bone marrow. This includes erythrocytes, white blood cells, and platelets, which all develop from stem cells. • Orthopedic: The branch of surgery concerned with the musculoskeletal system.

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