Nursing Preparation Study Guide

Nursing Preparation Study Guide The chemical elements on the table are arranged in order of increasing atomic number, which refers to the number of protons of the element. The periodic table can be used to study the chemical behavior of chemical elements, which makes it a widely used tool in chemistry. The periodic table contains only chemical elements; mixtures, compounds, or small atomic particles of elements are not included. A new period begins when an element has a new electron shell with a first electron. Columns are based on the configuration of electrons of the atom. Elements that have an equal number of atoms in a specific sub-shell are listed under the same column. For example, selenium and oxygen both have four electrons in their outermost sub-shell and so are listed under the P column. Elements with similar properties are listed in the same group although some elements in the same period can also share similar properties. Since the elements grouped together have related properties, one can easily predict the property of an element if the properties of the surrounding elements are already known. Rows are Periods: The rows of the periodic table are called periods. Elements on a row have the same number of electron shells, or atomic orbitals. Elements on the first row have just one atomic orbital, elements on the second row have two, and so on. Columns are Groups: Columns in the periodic table are called groups. The columns in the D, P, and S blocks are called groups. Elements within a group have an equal number of electrons in their outermost electron shell. The electrons on the outer shell are called valence electrons and there are the electrons that combine with other elements in a chemical reaction. The periodic table contains natural and synthesized elements. The elements up to californium are naturally existing elements (94) while the rest were laboratory synthesized. To date, chemists are still working to produce elements beyond the present 118 th element, ununoctium. Of the 118 elements, 114 have been officially recognized by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). Elements listed on the table under 113, 115, 117, and 118 have been synthesized, but are yet to officially be recognized by the IUPAC; they are only known by their systematic element names. 9.2.6 Chemical Reactions Chemistry is the science and study of matter, particularly its chemical reactions; however, chemistry also includes the composition, structure, and properties of chemicals and reactions. Chemistry deals with atoms and their interactions with other atoms, particularly with the properties of chemical bonds. Chemistry is often referred to as “the central science,” as it connects the natural sciences, such as geology and biology, with other natural sciences. Chemistry is a branch of physical science that is distinct from physics. Traditional chemistry starts with the study of elementary particles, atoms, molecules, substances, metals, crystals, and other aggregates of matter, including solid, liquid, and gas states, whether in

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