SAMPLE Chemistry

A. Ions

An ion is an atom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons, resulting in a net electrical charge.

Cations: A cation is a positively charged ion formed when an atom loses one or more electrons. This electron loss results in an imbalance between protons and electrons, with the former outnumbering the latter, leading to a net positive charge. Anions: An anion is a negatively charged ion that forms when an atom gains one or more electrons. This gain of electrons creates an excess of negative charge, causing an imbalance with the positively charged protons in the nucleus.

Atom

Ion

The smallest unit of an element that retains its properties.

An ion is either a single charged particle or a collection of particles with a net positive or negative charge. Independence in Solution: In solution, ions are generally independent entities, capable of moving freely. Formation: Ions form through the gain or loss of electrons, often resulting in electrovalent or ionic bonding between oppositely charged ions. Electron-Proton Balance: Ions have an unequal number of electrons and protons, leading to a net positive or negative charge. Stability: Ions can be relatively stable depending on the type of ion formed and its environment, such as stable noble gas configurations for certain ions.

Independence in Solution: Atoms are not typically independent in solution; they may bond or combine with other atoms to form molecules or compounds. Formation: Atoms can combine to form molecules by sharing electrons through covalent bonds. Electron-Proton Balance: Generally, atoms have an equal number of electrons and protons within their nucleus. Stability: Atoms on their own can be considered stable under normal conditions.

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