SAMPLE Ethics in America

‭Carol‬‭Gilligan‬‭(1936-)‬ ‭,‬ ‭a‬‭psychologist‬‭who‬‭studied‬‭the‬‭differences‬‭in‬‭morality‬‭between‬‭the‬‭sexes,‬‭found‬ ‭that‬ ‭men‬ ‭tended‬ ‭to‬ ‭define‬ ‭morality‬ ‭in‬ ‭more‬ ‭global‬ ‭terms,‬‭and‬‭women‬‭used‬‭more‬‭effective‬‭terms.‬‭Her‬ ‭body‬ ‭of‬‭work,‬‭and‬‭others,‬‭led‬‭to‬‭the‬‭notion‬‭of‬‭a‬‭female‬‭moral‬‭perspective.‬‭This‬‭perspective‬‭focuses‬‭on‬ ‭the‬ ‭context‬ ‭of‬ ‭relationships,‬ ‭emphasizes‬ ‭responsiveness‬ ‭and‬ ‭responsibility‬ ‭to‬ ‭others,‬ ‭and‬ ‭focuses‬ ‭on‬ ‭love, trust, and human bonding.‬

‭When‬ ‭questioning‬ ‭men‬ ‭and‬ ‭women‬ ‭about‬ ‭the‬ ‭need‬ ‭for‬ ‭morality,‬ ‭women‬ ‭stressed‬‭the‬‭need‬‭to‬‭protect‬ ‭individuals‬ ‭from‬ ‭harm‬ ‭and‬ ‭the‬ ‭trauma‬ ‭that‬ ‭might‬ ‭result‬ ‭from‬ ‭that‬ ‭harm.‬ ‭Women‬ ‭can‬ ‭empathize‬ ‭with‬ ‭others‬ ‭and‬ ‭‌focus‬ ‭on‬ ‭feelings‬ ‭associated‬ ‭with‬ ‭real-life‬ ‭situations.‬ ‭The‬ ‭context‬ ‭of‬ ‭women’s‬ ‭moral‬ ‭decision-making‬ ‭is‬ ‭said‬ ‭to‬ ‭be‬ ‭one‬ ‭of‬ ‭the‬ ‭relatedness‬ ‭to‬ ‭harm‬ ‭that‬ ‭might‬ ‭befall‬ ‭others.‬ ‭They‬ ‭get‬ ‭concerned‬ ‭about‬ ‭how‬ ‭they‬ ‭might‬ ‭feel‬ ‭if‬ ‭the‬ ‭same‬ ‭thing‬ ‭happened‬ ‭to‬‭them.‬‭Being‬‭compassionate‬‭and‬ ‭caring are their key virtues. Their primary obligation is not to turn away from others in need.‬ ‭Gilligan’s Stages of Moral Development‬ ‭Gilligan‬ ‭based‬ ‭her‬ ‭theory‬ ‭on‬ ‭care-based‬ ‭morality,‬ ‭which‬ ‭states‬ ‭that‬ ‭people‬ ‭(predominantly‬ ‭women)‬ ‭move through stages where they try to find a balance between caring for themselves and others‬ ‭.‬ ‭Stage‬‭1‬‭-‬ ‭Pre-conventional:‬‭when‬‭a‬‭woman‬‭is‬‭focused‬‭on‬‭herself,‬‭she‬‭can‬‭better‬‭understand‬‭and‬‭cater‬‭to‬ ‭her needs and interests. This allows her to be more successful and fulfilled in her life.‬ ‭Stage‬ ‭2‬ ‭-‬ ‭Conventional:‬ ‭as‬ ‭women‬ ‭move‬ ‭into‬ ‭adulthood,‬ ‭they‬ ‭often‬ ‭‌think‬ ‭more‬ ‭about‬ ‭their‬ ‭responsibilities‬ ‭to‬ ‭others.‬ ‭This‬ ‭can‬ ‭involve‬ ‭feeling‬‭more‬‭empathy‬‭and‬‭concern‬‭for‬‭others‬‭and‬‭orienting‬ ‭themselves toward their feelings.‬ ‭Stage‬ ‭3‬ ‭-‬ ‭Post‬ ‭Conventional:‬ ‭women‬ ‭can‬ ‭achieve‬ ‭true‬ ‭selflessness‬ ‭and‬ ‭understanding.‬‭It's‬‭the‬‭most‬ ‭advanced‬‭level‬‭you‬‭can‬‭achieve‬‭as‬‭a‬‭woman‬‭and‬‭is‬‭something‬‭to‬‭be‬‭proud‬‭of.‬‭Females‬‭make‬‭decisions‬‭as‬ ‭they share the responsibility for taking care of themselves and their loved ones.‬

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