SAMPLE Fundamentals of Math

Fundamentals of Mathematics

Properties of Exponents Negatives and Exponents

Negative Base

Case #2 −5 4 =− 1×5×5×5 =− 625 Case #1 (− 5) 4 =(− 5)×(− 5)×(− 5)×(− 5)= 625

Exponents only apply to the immediate base. If a negative sign is written in front of the base, it is only included in the repeated multiplication if and only if the entire base (number and sign) is included inside a parenthesis.

Negative Exponents

4 −2 = 4 1 2 = 4× 1 4 = 1 1 6

Raising a number to a negative power is the same as taking 1 over the number raised to the positive power.

Powers of 0 or 1

Power of Zero

Power of One

Any base raised to the 0 power is 1, but watch out for negatives. and 24 0 = 1 −24 0 =− 1 Practice 3.1.1 Directions: Simplify the following expressions. 1. (− 7) 3

Any base raised to the 1 power is the base. and 4 1 = 4 −27 1 = −27

2. − 2 4 4. (− 3) 5 6. −42 0 8. (− 5) 0 10. (− 2) −1

3. −5 2 5. 508 0 7. −4 0 9. 3 −1

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