SAMPLE US History

THE ULTIMATE CREDIT-BY-EXAM STUDY GUIDE FOR: United States History 2 nd Edition

15/06/2023

Acknowledgements We would like to thank the author for their patience, support, and expertise in contributing to this study guide; and our editors for their invaluable efforts in reading and editing the text. We would also like to thank those at Achieve Test Prep whose hard work and dedication to fulfilling this project did not go unnoticed. Lastly, we would like to thank the Achieve Test Prep students who have contributed to the growth of these materials over the years.

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Contents Chapter 1: First Americans and Age of Exploration

A. Theories of the Americans B. Mesoamerican Civilizations

C. Pre-Columbian Civilizations: Native American Indians Before Europeans D. Traditional Native American Gender Roles Prior to European Contact

E. Explorers before Columbus Chapter 1: Review Questions

Chapter 2: Age of Exploration A. The Expansion of Europe B. The Influence of Christopher Columbus on the Age of Exploration C. European Colonization Impact D. The Columbian Exchange E. Mercantilism and Triangular Trade F. Explorers and Conquistadors From Spain G. Encomienda System H. Haciendas I. Bartolomé de Las Casas J. Black Legend

K. French Explorers L. Dutch Explorers M. English Explorations and the New World

N. Slavery in the New World Chapter 2: Review Questions

Chapter 3: Early Settlements and Colonial Life A. North American Exploration B. The 13 Colonies

C. The Middle Colonies D. Southern Colonies E. Women in Colonial America F. Art in Early America Chapter 3: Review Questions

Chapter 4: Colonial Life and Culture A. Mercantilism B. The Navigation Acts C. Early Forms Self Government in Colonies

D. The Triangular Trade E. Indentured Servitude

F. Bacon's Rebellion G. King Philip’s War H. New England Confederation I. Half-Way Covenant J. Salem Witch Trials K. The Enlightenment L. The Great Awakening Chapter 4: Review Questions

Chapter 5: Road to Independence A. Conflicts Leading to the French and Indian War B. French and Indian War C. Pontiac’s Rebellion D. Colonial Landscape E. Causes of the American Revolution F. Increasing British Control G. Proclamation of 1763 H. Paying of War Debt I. Resistance to the Stamp Act and British Rule J. Declaratory Act (1766)

K. Tar and Feathering L. The Townshend Acts M. Boston Massacre N. Tea Act (1773) O. The Five Intolerable Acts P. The Hutchinson Letters Affair Q. First Continental Congress R. Dividing the Colonists

S. Armed Conflict Inevitable T. Battle of Fort Ticonderoga U. The Battle of Breed’s Hill (Bunker Hill) V. Common Sense W. The Second Continental Congress X. The Olive Branch Petition

Y. Declaration of Independence Chapter 5: Review Questions

Chapter 6: The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783)

A. Overview of the American Revolutionary War B. British vs Colonists’ Disadvantages C. British Loyalists vs. American Patriots D. African Americans in the American Revolutionary War E. Raising an Army F. War in the North G. New York Campaign H. Times That Try Men’s Soul I. African Americans Wanted as Patriot Troops J. Battles of Trenton and Princeton K. British Battle Plan L. The British Capture Philadelphia M. The Battle of Saratoga N. Naval Battles O. Franklin in France P. France and other Countries Enter the War Q. Valley Forge: Winter of 1777-1778 R. Battle of Monmouth S. Women in the American Revolution T. The Southern Strategy U. British Victories in the South V. Nathanael Greene in Command of Southern Continental Forces W. Battle of Cowpens and Guilford Courthouse X. British Retreat

Y. The French Arrived Z. Washington’s Plan

AA. The Siege of Yorktown AB. The Treaty of Paris 1783 Chapter 6: Review Questions

Chapter 7: Creating a Government and a Nation A. Creating a New Government B. New State Governments: Separate Branches of Power C. Creation of State Constitutions D. New State Governments: Bill of Rights E. Articles of Confederation

F. The Trans-Appalachian West G. The Issue of Western Lands H. The Land Ordinance of 1785 I. The Northwest Ordinance

J. Early Events that Created Instability and Lead to the Constitution K. Toward a New Constitution (1787–1789) L. The Annapolis Convention M. The Constitutional Convention N. Conflicts with Drafting the Constitution O. The Struggle for Ratification P. The Constitution Q. Required Percentages of Voting R. Separation and Limitation of Powers Chapter 7: Review Questions

Chapter 8: The Federalist Era and Je ersonian Era A. The Federalist Era 1789-1801

B. The New United States Government C. Federalists vs. Democratic-Republicans

D. The Whiskey Rebellion E. President John Adams F. The Jefferson Era (1800-1817) G. The US in 1800 H. The French Threat: Factors Leading to the Louisiana Purchase I. Louisiana Purchase J. Jefferson’s Second Term K. Americans on Foreign Seas L. Jefferson Leaves Office M. Madison Presidency (1809-1817) N. War Fever O. President Madison and the Events Leading to the War of 1812 P. The War of 1812 Begins Q. Naval Battles in the War of 1812 R. Battle of York: The Americans Attack S. Setbacks for Native Americans

T. The British Offensive U. Baltimore Holds Firm V. Battle of New Orleans W. The Treaty of Ghent X. The Hartford Convention (1814) Y. American Nationalism Z. Henry Clay and “The American System” Chapter 8: Review Questions

Chapter 9: The Era of Good Feelings until John Quincy Adams Administration

A. After the War of 1812 B. Era of Good Feelings C. The Depression of 1819

D. James Monroe's Presidency (1817–1825): The Monroe Doctrine E. Andrew Jackson’s Florida Invasion and the Adams–Onís Treaty

F. Regional Conflict G. Mason-Dixon Line H. John C. Calhoun I. Daniel Webster J. What was the Tallmadge Amendment? K. How did Maine Become a State? L. Henry Clay and the Missouri Compromise of 1820 M. The John Marshall Court N. Moving West

O. Western Settlement P. Early Transportation Q. Beginnings of Factory Life: The Replacement of the Putting-Out System R. Changes to How Things Are Made S. Education in Early America

T. Election of 1824 and President John Quincy Adams U. The Party Splits: The Birth of the National Republicans V. Campaign of 1828 Chapter 9: Review Questions

Chapter 10: Jacksonian Democracy and the Antebellum Era A. President Andrew Jackson and the Age of the Common Man (1829-1837)

B. Nat Turner Rebellion C. The Expanding Nation D. The Trail of Tears and Jackson's Indian Removal Act of 1830 E. The Rise of the Whig Party F. The National Bank G. The Campaign of 1832 and the Bank of the United States H. Bank of the United States and the Panic of 1837 I. Presidents Martin Van Buren’s Administration (1837—1841) J. The Log Cabin Campaign in 1840 K. Harrison’s Inauguration L. John Tyler’s Administration (1841-1844) M. The Election of 1844 N. James Polk’s Administration 1844-1848 Chapter 10: Review Questions

Chapter 11: Manifest Destiny and Westward Expansion (1820–1860) A. Manifest Destiny B. The Oregon Country C. Beaver Trade D. Conflict over Texas E. Texas War for Independence F. The Lone Star Republic Chapter 11: Review Questions Chapter 12: Events Leading to the Civil War A. The Mexican-American War B. United States Expansion C. Bear Flag Revolt D. Gold in California!! E. Effects of Expansion: Sectional Tension Intensified F. What is Wilmot Proviso? G. The Free Soil Party H. California Applies for Statehood I. Compromise of 1850 Chapter 12: Review Questions Chapter 13: Antebellum Culture (1820–1860) A. Antebellum Culture (Antebellum is Latin for "Pre-War") B. Tocqueville’s Democracy in America C. Developments in Religion D. Manifest Destiny E. Utopian Communities F. Transcendentalism and 19th-Century Literature G. American Literature H. Social Reforms of the Period I. The Economy of North and South (1820–1860)

J. People of the North K. The South’s People Chapter 13: Review Questions

Chapter 14: It All Started with Missouri A. Missouri Compromise of 1820 B. Election of 1848 C. Zachary Taylor Administration D. Fillmore Administration 1850–1853

E. The Great Debate F. The Compromise of 1850 G. Fugitive Slave Act H. The Election of 1852 I. Franklin Pierce J. Kansas-Nebraska Act K. Bleeding Kansas L. John Brown and the Attack on Harpers Ferry Chapter 14: Review Questions B. Election of 1854 C. Election of 1856 D. President James Buchanan (1856–1860) E. Dred Scott Decision of 1857 F. Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858 G. Abraham Lincoln and the Election of 1860 H. Road to Secession Chapter 15: Review Questions Chapter 15: Whigs to Republican A. Whigs Party Chapter 16: The Start of the Civil War A. Civil War (1861–1865) B. The Border States C. Comparing the North and South D. The Battle of Fort Sumter & the Start of the Civil War E. Confederate Strategies

F. Union’s Strategies G. Life of the Soldiers H. Confederate Generals I. General George McClellan J. Union Generals K. Civil War Hospitals L. Other Roles of Women in the Civil War M. Theaters of War N. First Battle of Bull Run O. Civil War 1862: Battles of the Ironclads, Shiloh, Antietam, and the Fall of New Orleans P. Reasons for Continuing the Civil War

Q. Emancipation Proclamation Chapter 16: Review Questions

Chapter 17: Civil War after the Emancipation Proclamation A. Black Soldiers B. African Americans Join the Fight! C. Condition of the Prisons during the Civil War

D. Effects of the Civil War in the South E. Northerners’ View of the Civil War

F. Martial Law G. Draft Laws H. Economic Effects of the Civil War: Raising Money and Troops I. Economic Effects of the Civil War on the North and South Economies J. Civil War Turning Points K. Summary of the Civil War Turning Points

L. Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address M. West Virginia Becomes A State N. Total War Strikes the South O. Ulysses Grant P. Wilderness Campaign Q. Petersburg Siege R. Atlanta Campaign S. Farragut at the Battle of Mobile Bay T. Sherman's March to the Sea U. The Election of 1864 V. Lincoln's Second Inaugural Address W. The Fall of Richmond X. Surrender at Appomattox Y. President Lincoln’s Assassination Z. The Toll of War Chapter 17: Review Questions

Chapter 18: Reconstruction Era (1865–1877) A. Reconstruction Debate B. Reconstruction Amendments C. Wade-Davis Bill D. Freedmen's Bureau E. Black Codes F. African American Rights G. African Americans in Government H. Education and Farming during the Reconstruction Era I. Radical Republicans Win in the 1866 Election

J. Consequences of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867 K. Andrew Johnson’s Impeachment L. Grant's Administration (1869–1877) M. Carpetbaggers and Scalawags N. Resistance to Reconstruction O. Amnesty Act P. Republican Revolt and Liberal Republicans Q. Problems Faced by the Republicans R. Election of 1876 S. President Rutherford B. Hayes T. Reconstruction Period: Goals, Success, and Failures U. Democrat Redemption V. Rise of the New South W. A Divided Society X. Also in the Reconstruction Era Y. The United States Purchased Alaska (Seward's Folly) Chapter 18: Review Questions

Works Cited

Chapter Review Answer Key

Practice Exam

Practice Exam Answer Key

Chapter 1: First Americans and Age of Exploration

Overview

This chapter presents the three primary theories on the origin of the initial human settlers of North America. After this, the Mesoamerican civilizations and the Pre-Columbian period are described. Lastly, explorers before Christopher Columbus are also identified. Learning Objectives

At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

● Enumerate the three primary theories on the origin of the First Americans ● Identify the three Mesoamerican civilizations ● Describe the Native-American life during the Pre-Columbian period A. Theories of the Americans

The Bering Land Bridge Theory, Atlantic Theory, and Oceania Theory are the three dominant theories about the origin of people who arrived in the Americas. 1. Beringia (Bering Land Bridge Theory) The Bering Land Bridge Theory proposes that the first humans who arrived in the Americas crossed a land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska during the last Ice Age, around 15,000 to 20,000 years ago. The Bering Land Bridge Theory is also supported by the discovery of Clovis spearheads in Clovis, New Mexico, North America. These spearheads are believed to be the earliest human-made tools in the region, used by the Clovis people around 13,000 years ago. While recent discoveries suggest earlier or multiple waves of migration, the Clovis spearheads remain significant evidence of the Bering Land Bridge Theory and early human history in the Americas. 2. The Atlantic Theory: The Solutreans The Atlantic Theory suggests that the Solutreans, who originated in France, Spain, and Portugal, may have crossed the Atlantic Ocean using boats and hugging the ice pack. Although very little evidence has been found to support this crossing, cave art discovered suggests that the Solutreans hunted seals and seabirds for survival. This theory proposes that the Solutreans crossed the Atlantic approximately 20,000 years ago. 3. The Oceania Theory (Paci ic Crossing Theory) The Pacific Crossing Theory, also referred to as the Oceania Theory today, posits that the earliest humans to arrive in the Americas might have traversed the Pacific Ocean, arriving in South America before migrating northward. This is currently the most accepted theory on how early people arrived in the Americas. This theory is based on several pieces of evidence, including linguistic, genetic,

© 2023 ACHIEVE ULTIMATE CREDIT-BY-EXAM GUIDE | UNITED STATES HISTORY

cultural, and archaeological findings. For instance, native South American peoples and those from Australia and Polynesia share some cultural and linguistic similarities. Why is the archaeological site in Monte Verde, Chile important? The Monte Verde archaeological site is located in southern Chile and is one of the oldest sites of human habitation in the Americas. The site dates back to around 14,500 years ago and is significant because it challenges the long-held theory that the first humans to arrive in the Americas did so via the Bering land bridge. The site's location is several thousand miles south of the land bridge, indicating that people may have arrived in the Americas by a coastal route.

Who is the Kennewick Man?

The Kennewick Man is one of the first and most complete skeletons of humans ever found in North America. It was found in Washington State in 1996. Its physical characteristics do not match Native Americans but are more similar to the Ainu of Japan or the Polynesians. This is often seen as evidence for the Oceania Theory. This sparked a debate on the ancestry of Native Americans and if they were the only pre-European group in the Americas. DNA analysis eventually showed similarity to modern-day Native Americans.

A reconstruction of Kennewick Man sculpted to resemble the Ainu people of Japan (Source: Brittney Tatchell/Smithsonian Institute)

Similarities between certain Paci ic Island and Native American languages There are several linguistic similarities between certain Pacific Island and Native American languages. For example, the Quechua language spoken in South America and the Maori language spoken in New Zealand share similar words and grammatical structures. Furthermore, there were odd similarities between the languages and cultures of Australia and Polynesia and those of South America. Similarities between Paci ic Island and Native American cultures and artifacts Similarities suggest that there may have been a historical connection between the two groups. For example, both cultures share a tradition of tattooing, with similar designs and techniques. Additionally, both groups have a tradition of carving stone objects, with similar styles and techniques. Some creation myths and cultural practices are also strikingly similar.

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Similarities between the DNA of certain Paci ic Islanders and Native Americans There is also evidence of a genetic connection between certain Pacific Islanders and Native Americans. Studies have shown that the DNA of certain Pacific Islanders, particularly those from Melanesia, contains markers that are also found in Native American DNA. This suggests that there may have been contact between the two groups at some point in the past. B. Mesoamerican Civilizations Mesoamerica is one of the world's first regions, encompassing modern-day central and southern Mexico, along with northern Central America. Advanced societies flourished in Mesoamerica, characterized by impressive architectural feats, innovative irrigation systems, and intricate societal organizations. However, the arrival of the Spanish in the 16th century C.E. marked a turning point in the region's history, as colonization brought significant cultural and political changes that would alter the course of Mesoamerican civilization forever. Why is it called Mesoamerica? The term "Mesoamerica" is derived from the Greek word "messo," which means "middle." It was first used by anthropologist Paul Kirchhoff in 1943. The term Mesoamerica is also commonly used to refer to the pre-contact or pre-Columbian societies that existed in the region before the arrival of Europeans in the late 15 th and early 16 th centuries. This includes a wide range of civilizations and cultures, such as the Olmec, Maya, Zapotec, Mixtec, Toltec, Aztec (also known as Mexica), and others.

Map of Mesoamerica, with the borders of modern countries (Source: Khan Academy)

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What are the three Mesoamerican civilizations? This region is home to many indigenous civilizations, including the Olmec, Maya, and Aztecs. These groups inhabited the region between 16,000–13,000 BCE, or even as early as 21,000 years ago. They were hunter-gatherers and lived in bands of familial groups.

● Olmec Society was the first major Mesoamerican civilization ● Developed the first known writing and numerical systems ● Formed a more unified society around the Gulf of Mexico ● Thrived until around 400 BCE ● Known for large carved basalt stone head statues representing past rulers ● Discovered how to manipulate and use rubber and traded it with other groups ● Influenced other Mesoamerican groups ● Decline attributed to volcanic activity or environmental changes to the water supply

The Olmec

● The Mayan civilization existed in over 40 cities with populations ranging from 5,000–50,000 people each. ● They began developing villages around 1,500 BCE, but their peak period was between 250–800 CE. ● They occupied areas of Belize, Guatemala, and parts of southern Mexico. ● The Mayans were skilled in astronomy, advanced architecture, irrigation, terracing, mathematics, hieroglyphic writing, sculpture, and relief carvings. ● They advanced significantly in their agricultural pursuits and employed slash-and-burn style agriculture. ● Archaeologists believe that they abandoned their lands after 800 CE, due to drought, deforestation, starvation, disease, and overpopulation, moving to other locations throughout southern Mexico. ● The Aztecs, referred to as the "Mexica," were a Nahua ethnic group. They lived in the modern-day central to southern regions of Mexico. ● The Aztecs were hierarchical in structure, meaning that one's social status mattered in society. The highest social level was the emperor or ruler, and the lowest was slaves. ● Their empire became wealthy and glorious by invading other tribes and collecting tributes. ● Most citizens were farmers, commoners, or traders. The higher-class citizens were the nobilities, government officials, priests, and soldiers/warriors. ● The Aztecs developed advanced irrigation and canal networks. ● The Aztec Empire thrived from 1345–1521 CE but ended with the coming of Spanish conquistadors in the 16 th century.

The Maya

The Aztecs

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Chapter 2: Age of Exploration

Overview

This chapter first discusses the main reasons that sparked the Age of Exploration, especially the impact of Christopher Columbus. Other explorers, particularly European explorers, are also covered. Additionally, the economic systems and treaties that were formed during the Age of Exploration are also tackled. Learning Objectives ● Explain the reasons that drove the Age of Exploration ● Discuss the impact of Christopher Columbus and other explorers on Native Americans ● Describe the concepts of mercantilism, triangular trade, slave trade, as well as the hacienda and encomienda system ● Identify the prominent explorers and their notable accomplishments A. The Expansion of Europe When did the Age of Exploration begin? The Age of Exploration, also called the Age of Discovery, started in the late 1400s and ended in the 1600s. When the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople in 1453, it blocked European access to important trading posts. The Europeans' search to bypass, sailing into the Atlantic, led to the Northwest Passage. This route was sought by early explorers looking for a route to Asia to preserve the wealthy silk and spice trades. In 1492, Columbus hit the New World and launched an explosion of interest, causing new explorers to attempt to find uncharted land. These Europeans began exploring the world by sea in search of trading partners, new goods, and new trade routes. B. The Influence of Christopher Columbus on the Age of Exploration At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

Five hundred years after the Vikings, Europeans returned to the Americas. Columbus wanted to find the “ New World ” to search for a faster and easier route to Asia. He believed that the world is round, but failed to anticipate two giant landmasses when he set sail in September 1492. After a month of sailing, he thought that he arrived in the East Indies and called the Native Americans he met “Indians.” He made three more trips and discovered countries in modern-day South America.

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Chapter 3: Early Settlements and Colonial Life

Overview

This chapter highlights North American exploration, particularly the establishment of the 13 colonies. These colonies were divided into three–New England, Middle, and Southern colonies. Within these, the chapter also discusses how Puritan Migration greatly influenced the creation of these colonies. Also, art and the challenges of women in the colonies are also presented. Learning Objectives ● Explain the reasons that drove the Age of Exploration ● Discuss the impact of Christopher Columbus and other explorers on Native Americans ● Describe the concepts of mercantilism, triangular trade, slave trade, as well as the hacienda and encomienda system ● Identify the prominent explorers and their notable accomplishments A. North American Exploration What were the motivations of explorers to go to North America? One of the major reasons was to catch up with Spain , which had already established several colonies in Central and South America and controlled the only western route to Asia. Thus, since the 1400s, many European monarchs or merchants funded voyages, which led to the dominance of mercantilism , a policy seeking to collect gold and silver. To do this, explorers also searched for the Northwest Passage to allow them to reach Asia without passing near Spanish territories. Aside from Spain, the other European countries that tried to colonize North America were France, England, and Holland. At the end of this chapter, you should be able to:

The North American Colonial Landscape shows the territories colonized by England, France, and Spain. New Spain

Where was New Spain?

New Spain encompasses the Caribbean, Mexico, Central America, and much of the Southwestern United States, such as Florida.

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