Sociology

Sociology Study Guide

Crime An act that contradicts the law and is punishable by negative sanctions. Culture -Material Culture -Nonmaterial Culture Complex system developed to define a society’s way of life; includes the product of a society, material and non-material. -Physical objects created and valued by members of a society. -Abstract, intangible human creations. Cultural Ecology A theory that states that culture is formed by the limitations or excess of resources and other changes in the environment. Cultural Integration The tendency toward certain mores, values, and beliefs even among the diversity within a society. Cultural Relativism The idea that another culture cannot be judged by the standards of another. Cultural Universals Similar norms found in almost every society. Determinate Task A task that has a definite single answer. Deviance Behavior that violates social norms and expectations; usually results in the disapproval of a large number of people. Dramaturgical Approach Analyzes social interactions as if the participants are acting out a play or scene. Dyad A two-member group. Ecological Approach Analyzes the entire environment as it correlates to society and culture. Ecology The study of the relationship between various organisms and their environments. Ethnocentrism Belief that one’s own culture is the ‘right’ or ‘normal’ one. Ethnomethodology Analyzes how people uses commonly understood rules of engagement to dictate how they react to specific situations and thereby be understood by all involved. Goal Displacement When individuals in a bureaucracy take their focus off the overall goals of the organization. Group Two or more people who share common ideas, feeling, and pursuits, and who interact frequently and intimately. Group Conformity Individuals acting for the good of the group instead of themselves. Group Polarization The tendency of a group to make more extreme decisions than each member would on their own. Groupthink When a group attempts to reach a conclusion without researching or testing various sides. Habits Repetitive patterns of behavior. Ideal Culture The established standard of norms and values.

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