Sociology

Sociology Study Guide

Modernization Revolution

The process of economic, cultural, and social change that must occur for a society to transform into an industrial society. A violent overthrow of an existing social system or political authority.

Social Movement A large group of people joined together to bring about or resist a social or cultural change. Sociocultural Evolution The tendency for social structures to become more complex over time. Technological Determinism The idea that available technology determines a society’s culture, social structure, and history. Technology The practical application of knowledge. Terrorism Violent use of force against civilians to intimidate a society. The following information is vital to your understanding of Chapter 7. Explore it fully beforeyou move on. • The three cultural forces of social change: o Discovery: A new perception of an aspect of an already-known reality. When this new knowledge is acted on, it can induce social change. o Invention: A combination of existing and new knowledge to create something new. All inventions are dependent on past knowledge. Inventions can change society drastically. o Cultural diffusion: The spread of cultural elements from one society to another through trade, travel, migration, conquest, etc. These newly imported elements can cause changes in thoughts and processes and lead to social change. • Three components of modernization: o Industrialization: A shift from human to non-human energy used during themanufacturing process. o Urbanization: Movement from rural to urban areas where manufacturing factories are located. o Bureaucratization: An increase in large, formal organizations. • The five conditions of collective behavior: o Environmental factors: Timing and ease of communication add to the likelihood of spontaneous behavior. o Lack of norms: An absence of developed norms that will guide actions. o Conflicting values and norms: The existence of contradictory cultural elements. o Relative deprivation: The occurrence of people not having what they think they deserve. o Breakdown of social control: A failure of police to perform their roles or a loss of confidence in the system.

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