Sociology

Sociology Study Guide

Age Infancy Early childhood Preschool age School age Adolescence Young adulthood Middle age Old age

Stage (Central Conflict) Trust vs. mistrust Autonomy vs. shame/doubt Initiative vs. guilt Industry vs. inferiority Identity vs. role confusion Intimacy vs. isolation Generativity vs. stagnation Integrity vs. despair

Table 10: Erikson's 8 Stages of Self-Development • Cognitive Development: Jean Piaget, through experimentation, developed four stages of cognitive development. He posited that in each stage, individuals learn some key skill(s) or intellectual processes. Stage Age Description Sensorimotor Birth-2 years Intelligence is expressed via physical contact with the environment. 0-4 months Infants are not aware of their acts. They do not distinguish themselves from their environment. 0-8 months Object permanence has not developed; if they can’t see it, they don’t think it exists. 8+ months Object permanence has developed. Preoperational 2-7 years Unable to perform mental operations. No understanding of speed, weight, numbers, quantity, or causality. Egocentric. Concrete operational 7-12 years Able to reason about concrete situations. Abstract ideas are still beyond reasoning. Can perform mental operations. Assume roles of others. Participate in social activities. Formal operational Adolescence Achieve formal, abstract thought. Manipulate complex math problems. Reason about moral issues. Table 11: Piaget's 4 Stages of Cognitive Development • Moral Development by Lawrence Kohlberg: Lawrence Kohlberg developed a model of moral development. His model was more sophisticated than Piaget’s. His three levels of moral development were divided into six stages.

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