AP -- ATP SG -- Book Interior -- Updated 04.24.2018 | 3 |
Chapter 1: Basic Anatomical Terminology | 14 |
1.1 Superficial Anatomy | 15 |
1.2 Sectional Anatomy | 17 |
1.3 Chapter One Review | 20 |
Chapter 2: General Organization of the Body | 21 |
2.1 Hierarchy of Organization | 21 |
2.2 General Breakdown of Organ Systems | 22 |
2.3 Maintenance of the Internal Environment | 23 |
2.4 Chapter Two Review | 25 |
2.5 Chapter Two Practice Exam | 26 |
Chapter 3: Cellular Level of Organization | 27 |
3.1 Cell Structure | 27 |
3.2 Material Transport | 28 |
3.3 Cell Life Cycle | 33 |
3.4 Chapter Three Review | 34 |
3.5 Chapter Three Practice Exam | 37 |
Chapter 4: The Tissue Level of Organization | 38 |
4.1 Epithelial Tissue | 38 |
4.2 Connective Tissue | 41 |
4.3 Muscle Tissue | 43 |
4.4 Neural Tissue | 45 |
4.5 Tissue Repair | 45 |
4.6 Chapter Four Review | 46 |
4.7 Chapter Four Practice Exam | 50 |
Chapter 5: The Chemical Level of Organization | 51 |
5.1 Atoms | 51 |
5.2 Chemical Bonding | 52 |
5.3 Types of Chemical Reactions | 54 |
5.4 Electrolytes and Body Fluids | 54 |
5.5 Carbohydrates | 55 |
5.6 Lipids | 56 |
5.7 Proteins | 56 |
5.8 DNA and RNA | 58 |
5.9 ATP | 59 |
5.10 Chapter Five Review | 60 |
5.11 Chapter Five Practice Exam | 63 |
Chapter 6: The Integumentary System | 64 |
6.1 The Cutaneous Membrane | 65 |
6.2 Accessory Structures | 68 |
6.3 Integumentary Injury and Repair | 71 |
6.4 Burns and Grafts | 72 |
6.5 Aging | 72 |
6.6 Chapter Six Review | 73 |
6.7 Chapter Six Practice Exam | 76 |
Chapter 7: Bone and Osseous Tissue | 77 |
7.1 Bone Classification | 77 |
7.2 Bone Structure | 77 |
7.3 Bone Composition | 78 |
7.4 Bone Types | 80 |
7.5 Bone Parts | 80 |
7.6 Bone Formation and Growth | 80 |
7.7 Fractures | 83 |
7.8 Aging | 83 |
7.9 Chapter Seven Review | 84 |
7.10 Chapter Seven Practice Exam | 86 |
Chapter 8: The Skeletal System | 87 |
8.1 Axial Skeleton | 87 |
8.2 Appendicular Skeleton | 91 |
8.3 Chapter Eight Review | 95 |
8.4 Chapter Eight Practice Exam | 98 |
Chapter 9: Joints and Articulations | 99 |
9.1 Classification of Joints | 99 |
9.2 Movement of Joints | 101 |
9.3 Types of Synovial Joints | 102 |
9.4 Intervertebral Discs | 103 |
9.5 Intervertebral Ligaments | 103 |
9.6 Chapter Nine Review | 104 |
9.7 Chapter Nine Practice Exam | 106 |
Chapter 10: Muscle Tissue | 107 |
10.1 Skeletal Muscle | 107 |
10.2 Cardiac Muscle Tissue Structural Characteristics | 113 |
10.4 Chapter Ten Review | 115 |
10.5 Chapter Ten Practice Exam | 118 |
Chapter 11: The Muscular System | 120 |
11.1 Muscle Classification | 120 |
11.2 Levers | 121 |
11.3 Origins and Insertions | 121 |
11.4 Accessory Muscles | 121 |
11.5 Skeletal Muscle Names | 121 |
11.6 Aging | 122 |
11.7 Chapter Eleven Review | 123 |
11.8 Chapter Eleven Practice Exam | 125 |
Chapter 12: Structural Divisions of The Nervous System: Brain and Cranial Nerves | 126 |
12.1 Brain Regions and Landmarks | 127 |
12.2 Embryology of the Brain | 128 |
12.3 Ventricles of the Brain | 128 |
12.4 Protection and Support of the Brain | 129 |
12.5 The Blood Supply to the Brain | 130 |
12.6 The Cerebrum | 131 |
12.7 The Basal Nuclei | 131 |
12.8 Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex | 132 |
12.9 Association Areas | 132 |
12.10 Integrative Centers | 133 |
12.11 Brain Functions | 133 |
12.12 The Limbic System | 137 |
12.13 The Electroencephalogram (EEG) | 137 |
12.14 Cranial Nerves | 138 |
12.15 Chapter Twelve Review | 140 |
12.16 Chapter Twelve Practice Exam | 144 |
Chapter 13: Neural Tissue | 145 |
13.1 Divisions of the Nervous System Structural | 145 |
13.2 Neurons | 146 |
13.3 Structure | 146 |
13.4 Structural Classification | 147 |
13.5 Functional Classification | 148 |
13.6 Neuroglia | 149 |
13.7 Transmembrane Potential | 150 |
13.8 Action Potential | 153 |
13.9 Synapses | 155 |
13.10 Neurotransmitters | 156 |
13.11 Neuromodulators | 156 |
13.12 Postsynaptic Potentials | 157 |
13.13 Chapter Thirteen Review | 157 |
13.14 Chapter Thirteen Practice Exam | 162 |
Chapter 14: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves | 163 |
14.1 Gross Anatomy of the Spinal Cord | 163 |
14.2 Spinal Meninges | 165 |
14.3 Gray and White Matter | 166 |
14.4 Anatomy of Spinal Nerves | 166 |
14.5 Neuronal Pools | 167 |
14.6 Reflexes | 167 |
14.7 Reinforcement and Inhibition | 170 |
14.8 Chapter Fourteen Review | 171 |
14.9 Chapter Fourteen Practice Exam | 174 |
Chapter 15: Functional Divisions of the Nervous System: Somatic and Autonomic Nervous System | 175 |
15.1 The Somatic Nervous System | 175 |
15.2 Levels of Processing and Motor Control | 176 |
15.3 The Autonomic Nervous System | 177 |
15.4 Higher Order Functions | 178 |
15.5 Aging | 180 |
15.6 Chapter Fifteen Review | 181 |
15.7 Chapter Fifteen Practice Exam | 185 |
Chapter 16: Senses | 186 |
16.1 Sensory Receptors | 186 |
16.2 General Sensory Receptors | 188 |
16.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways | 189 |
16.4 Visceral Sensory Pathways | 190 |
16.5 Olfaction | 190 |
16.6 Gustation | 190 |
16.7 Sight | 191 |
16.8 Hearing and Balance | 198 |
16.9 Chapter Sixteen Review | 202 |
16.10 Chapter Sixteen Practice Exam | 207 |
Chapter 17: The Endocrine System | 208 |
17.1 Hormones | 208 |
17.2 Pituitary Gland | 211 |
17.3 Thyroid Gland | 213 |
17.4 Parathyroid Glands | 213 |
17.5 Suprarenal Glands | 213 |
17.6 The Pineal Gland | 215 |
17.7 Pancreas | 215 |
17.8 Secondary Endocrine Organs | 215 |
17.9 Cell Response to Hormones | 217 |
17.10 Role of Hormones in Growth | 217 |
17.11 The Alarm Phase | 218 |
17.12 The Effects of Hormones on Behavior | 218 |
17.13 Aging and Hormone Production | 218 |
17.14 Chapter Seventeen Review | 219 |
17.15 Chapter Seventeen Practice Exam | 223 |
Chapter 18: Blood | 224 |
18.1 Blood | 224 |
18.2 Characteristics of Blood | 224 |
18.3 Blood Composition | 224 |
18.4 Red Blood Cells | 226 |
18.5 White Blood Cells | 229 |
18.6 Platelets | 231 |
18.7 Hemostasis | 232 |
18.8 Chapter Eighteen Review | 235 |
18.9 Chapter Eighteen Practice Exam | 238 |
Chapter 19: The Heart | 240 |
19.1 An Introduction to the Cardiovascular System | 240 |
19.2 The Pericardium | 240 |
19.3 Superficial Anatomy of the Heart | 240 |
19.4 Internal Anatomy and Organization | 242 |
19.5 The Blood Supply to the Heart | 244 |
19.6 Cardiac Physiology | 245 |
19.7 The Electrocardiogram | 247 |
19.8 The Action Potential in Cardiac Muscle Cells | 247 |
19.9 Cardiac Cycle | 248 |
19.10 Heart Sounds | 249 |
19.11 Hormones | 250 |
19.12 Chapter Nineteen Review | 252 |
19.13 Chapter Nineteen Practice Exam | 255 |
Chapter 20: Blood Vessels and Circulation | 256 |
20.1 Blood Vessels | 256 |
20.2 Arteries | 257 |
20.3 Capillaries | 258 |
20.4 Vasomotion | 260 |
20.5 Veins | 262 |
20.6 Venous Valves | 262 |
20.7 The Distribution of Blood | 262 |
20.8 Blood Pressure | 263 |
20.9 Autoregulation, Neural Mechanisms, and Endocrine Responses | 266 |
20.10 Vascular Supply to Special Regions | 268 |
20.11 Systemic Arteries | 270 |
20.12 Systemic Veins | 273 |
20.13 The Hepatic Portal System | 274 |
20.14 Placental Blood Supply | 274 |
20.15 Fetal Circulation in the Heart and Great Vessels | 275 |
20.16 Aging | 275 |
20.17 Chapter Twenty Review | 275 |
20.18 Chapter Twenty Practice Exam | 280 |
Chapter 21: The Lymphatic System | 281 |
21.1 Anatomy | 281 |
21.2 Lymphatic Vessels | 281 |
21.3 Lymphocytes | 282 |
21.4 Lymphocyte Production | 282 |
21.5 Lymphoid Tissues | 282 |
21.6 Lymph Flow | 283 |
21.7 The Lymphatic System and Body Defenses | 285 |
21.8 Properties of Immunity | 288 |
21.9 Hormones of the Immune System | 290 |
21.10 Immune Disorders | 291 |
21.11 Aging | 291 |
21.12 Chapter Twenty-One Review | 291 |
21.13 Chapter Twenty-One Practice Exam | 296 |
Chapter 22: Respiratory System | 297 |
22.1 Functions of the Respiratory System | 297 |
22.2 Organization of the Respiratory System | 298 |
22.3 Upper Respiratory System | 298 |
22.4 Lower Respiratory System | 300 |
22.5 Respiration | 303 |
22.6 The Gas Laws | 307 |
22.7 The Respiratory Centers of the Brain | 308 |
22.8 Aging | 309 |
22.9 Chapter Twenty-Two Review | 309 |
22.10 Chapter Twenty-Two Practice Exam | 314 |
Chapter 23: The Digestive System | 315 |
23.1 Functions of the Digestive System | 315 |
23.2 The Digestive Organs and the Peritoneum | 315 |
23.3 The Movement of Digestive Materials | 316 |
23.4 Control of Digestive Functions | 317 |
23.5 The Oral Cavity | 317 |
23.6 The Pharynx | 319 |
23.7 The Esophagus | 319 |
23.8 Stomach | 321 |
23.9 The Small Intestine | 322 |
23.10 Large Intestines | 322 |
23.11 The Rectum | 322 |
23.12 Secondary Digestive Organs | 323 |
23.13 Digestion | 324 |
23.14 Nutrition | 325 |
23.15 Aging | 325 |
23.16 Chapter Twenty-Three Review | 326 |
23.17 Chapter Twenty-Three Practice Exam | 331 |
Chapter 24: The Urinary System | 332 |
24.1 The Kidneys | 332 |
24.2 Internal Structure of Kidneys | 333 |
24.3 Tubular Transport Factors | 335 |
24.4 Transport of Specific Substances | 335 |
24.5 Diuresis | 336 |
24.6 Hormonal Involvement | 336 |
24.7 Aging | 337 |
24.8 Chapter Twenty-Four Review | 337 |
24.9 Chapter Twenty-Four Practice Exam | 338 |
Chapter 25: The Reproductive System | 339 |
25.1 Male Reproductive System | 339 |
25.2 Spermatogenesis | 341 |
25.3 The Male Reproductive Tract | 342 |
25.4 Hormones and Male Reproductive Function | 344 |
25.5 Female Reproductive System | 345 |
25.6 The Uterus | 347 |
25.7 Hormones and the Female Reproductive Cycle | 349 |
25.8 Sexual Function | 350 |
25.9 Aging | 351 |
25.10 Chapter Twenty-Five Review | 351 |
25.11 Chapter Twenty-Five Practice Exam | 354 |
Chapter 26: Development and Inheritance | 355 |
26.1 Prenatal | 355 |
26.2 Postnatal | 358 |
26.3 Genetics and Inheritance | 359 |
26.4 Chapter Twenty-Six Review | 362 |
26. 5 Chapter Twenty-Five Practice Exam | 366 |
Answer Keys | 367 |