Anatomy & Physiology I and II

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide

©2018 Achieve Test Prep Page 18 of 367 1.3 Chapter One Review Anatomy is structure, and physiology is function: • Medical terminology is the use of prefixes, suffixes, word roots, and combining forms to construct anatomical, physiological, or medical terms. • Anatomy is the study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts. Physiology is the study of the functions of living organisms and how their vital functions are performed. Knowledge of normal structure and function is important for recognizing disease and disorder. Anatomy and physiology are closely integrated: • All normal functions are performed by specific structures designed for such function. • Gross (macroscopic) anatomy focuses on features that are visible without a microscope. This field includes surface anatomy, regional anatomy, and systemic anatomy. In developmental anatomy, we examine the changes in the physical form. Embryology studies the processes that occur during the first eight weeks of development. Clinical anatomy concentrates on the anatomy relevant to the practice of medicine. • The limits of microscopic anatomy are established by the equipment used. Cytology analyzes the internal structure of individual cells. Histology examines groups of cells that perform specific functions as tissues. • Human physiology is the study of the functions of the human body. It is based on cell physiology, which is the study of the functions of cells. Organ physiology studies the physiology of specific organs. Systemic physiology considers all aspects of the functioning of specific organ systems. Pathological anatomy (pathology) studies the effects of diseases on organ or system functions. Anatomical terms describe body regions, anatomical positions and directions, and body secretions: • Standard anatomical illustrations show the human form in the anatomical position. If the figure is lying down, it can be described as either supine (face up) or prone (face down). • Abdominopelvic quadrants and abdominopelvic regions represent two approaches to describing anatomical regions of that portion of the body. • The use of directional terms provides clarity for the description of anatomical structures. • The three sectional planes (transverse plane; frontal, or coronal, plane; and sagittal plane) describe spatial relationships located within a three-dimensional human body. Body cavities protect internal organs and allow them to change shape: • Body cavities protect delicate organs and permit significant changes in the size and shape of internal organs. The ventral body cavity, or coelom, surrounds developing respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary, and reproductive organs.