Anatomy & Physiology I and II

Anatomy & Physiology Study Guide resonance to sound waves with frequencies between approximately 20 and 20,000 Hz. When the tympanic membrane vibrates, the malleus, incus, and stapes will also vibrate through their articulations. In this way, the sound is amplified. • Step 3: Motion of the stapes at the oval window creates pressure waves in the perilymph of the vestibular duct: When the stapes moves inward, the round window bulges outward, into the middle ear cavity. As the stapes moves in and out, vibrating at the frequency of the sound arriving at the tympanic membrane, it creates pressure waves within the perilymph. • Step 4: The pressure waves distort the basilar membrane on their way to the round window of the tympanic duct: The pressure waves established by the movement of the stapes travel through the perilymph of the vestibular and tympanic ducts to reach the round window. In doing so, the waves warp the basilar membrane. High-frequency sounds with a very short wavelength vibrate the basilar membrane near the oval window. The lower the frequency of the sound, the longer the wavelength, and the farther from the oval window, the greater the area of maximum distortion. Thus, information about frequency is translated into information about position along the basilar membrane. The amount of movement at a given location depends on the amount of force applied by the stapes, which in turn is a function of the energy content of the sound. The louder the sound, the more the basilar membrane moves. • Step 5: Vibration of the basilar membrane causes vibration of hair cells against the tectorial membrane: Vibration of the affected region of the basilar membrane moves hair cells against the tectorial membrane. This action leads to the displacement of the stereocilia, which in turn opens ion channels in the hair cells’ plasma membranes. This results in a rush of ions depolarizing the hair cells, leading to the release of neurotransmitters and thus to the stimulation of sensory neurons. A very soft sound may stimulate only a few hair cells in a portion of one row. As the intensity of a sound increases, not only do these hair cells become more active, but additional hair cells—at first in the same row and then in adjacent rows—are stimulated as well. The number of hair cells responding in a given region provides information on the intensity of the sound. • Step 6: Information about the region and the intensity of stimulation is relayed to the CNS over the cochlear branch of the cranial nerve (VIII).

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