Developmental Psychology

Unlike authoritative parents, warmth towards their children is high. The children of these types of parents will have low self-confidence, and will usually demonstrate poor behavior, especially in social situations. • Authoritative Parents : Parents in this style tend to set limits and will provide their children with guidance. There is high expectations as well as high communication expectations as well. Just like permissive parenting, warmth towards their children are high. Parents are willing to compromise with their children as well as giving them the chance to talk, while the parents listen. Children who have authoritative parents are typically happy and well adjusted. They also are generous and turn out to be independent. There are other parenting styles such as democratic-indulgent and rejecting-neglecting styles. These styles tend to have low expectations; demands and punishments are not relied upon as a viable use to control a child. Democratic-indulgent parents have warmth towards their children while rejecting- neglecting parenting usually have cold and disengaged feelings towards their children. 5.6 Sibling Relationships and Birth Order For years, the relationship between siblings have been complicated and will differ from parent and child relationship as well as peer relationships. Relationship between siblings are the longest relationship a child will go through in their life and they may be pretty intense at times. Starting during the preschool years, siblings may go through what is called sibling rivalry. This is done to compete for the parent’s attention. Birth order is something that has been researched extensively and there have been many conclusions made when it comes to birth order. An only child may become verbal, creative and struggle in social relationships early on. Children who are the oldest of a sibling lineup tend to have better success in traditional fields and middle and younger children will have better success in creative fields and social fields. Often times, there are exceptions to the rule. A child’s temperament, regardless if they are the oldest, youngest or the middle child, may have more influence on future achievement rather than the birth order. 5.7 Play Behaviors During early childhood is when children blossom socially. They are considered to be very active socially. Some will play with children who are the same age, while some may start showing favoritism towards a specific gender. There are several types of play behaviors. Let’s look at them below. • Unoccupied Behavior: This is where the child does not actively lay but stands and thinks about playing. • Solitary Play: This is where children will play by themselves, with toys that are different than the toys that are near them. • Onlooker Behavior: This is where a child will watch others play but is hesitant to go and play with the other children. • Parallel Play: A child will play next to another child while playing with similar toys. • Associated Play: This is where children will play together in an unorganized manner • Cooperative Play: This is where children will play together in an organized manner

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