Developmental Psychology

• Foreclosure o The stage where premature identity forms o Acceptance of parental values and parental goals, not giving options any consideration • Identity Diffusion o There is uncertainty and even confusion regarding one’s identity o This may lead to apathetic behaviors • Moratorium o There is a pause in the formation of identity o Most individuals will explore alternatives There are some other interesting aspects of exploring is culture identity . Many adolescents will begin learning about their culture, or racial identities from their parents and wish to explore more in-depth about their culture and where they came from. This will often lead to bicultural identity and maybe a blending of personal cultures. The ability to operate and thrive with multiple cultures helps create a higher self-esteem and raises confidence. 7.8 Parenting and Peers As previously discussed, there are many parenting styles and they never seem to keep a child from maturing and learning. Remember that adolescents who have authoritative parents will be more psychologically healthy than adolescents of non-authoritative parents. Adolescents with authoritative parents also tend to experience positive psychosocial development. During psychosocial development, adolescents are allowed to experience independence while receiving support from his or her parents. Adolescents who have authoritative parents will also not display risky behaviors. Parents and other peers are an important source of information and have a lot of influence on adolescents. During the early part of adolescence, friendships typically are between same gender individuals. As the adolescent gets older in age, they will begin befriending individuals of the opposite gender. Friendships have been placed into three different categories; crowd, clique and individual. Let’s look at these below • Crowd o Inclusive o Usually these types of friends hand out with people with mutual interests such as cheerleaders, football players, debate club members, band members, drama club members, etc. • Cliques o Interpersonal relationships happen between these types of friends. o “Memberships” into cliques are often required in order to be included into crowd memberships • Individual o This is the most intimidate of the three groups as well as the most exclusive. Individuals may have to obtain a clique membership before being accepted to crowd groups.

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