Human Growth and Development

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Copy of Official SG -- Human Growth and Development - 3.11.2025.pdf	3
Contents	5
Chapter 1: Foundations of Development	7
A. The Basics	7
B. Principles of Development	9
C. Domains of Development	10
Biosocial Domain	10
Cognitive Domain	10
Psychosocial Domain	10
D. Individual Learning Theories	11
Evolutionary Theory	11
Biological Theory	12
Behavioral Theory	12
Classical Conditioning	13
Little Albert Experiment	13
Operant Conditioning	14
Humanistic Theory	15
E. Stage-Based Theories	16
Cognitive Development Theories	16
Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development	16
Criticisms of Piaget's Stages	19
Lev Vygotsky’s Cognitive Theory	19
Schaie's Model of Cognitive Development	20
Psychodynamic Theory	21
Freud’s Structure of Personality	21
Defense Mechanisms	22
Defense Mechanisms (continued)	23
Freud's Psychosexual Development Theory	23
Daniel Levinson’s Adult Development Theory	25
F. Contextual Theories	26
Social Cognition	26
The Bobo Doll Experiment	26
Social Learning Theory vs. Social Cognitive Theory	27
Sociocultural Theory	27
Key Concepts:	27
Ecological Systems Theory	28
Five Environmental Layers of Development	28
Ecological Niche Theory	29
Key Principles	29
G. Research Strategies & Methodologies	30
The Scientific Method	30
Research Designs	31
Data Collection Methods	32
Reliability and Validity	32
Methods of Causal Inference	33
Experimental Method	33
Ethics in Research	36
Informed Consent	36
Privacy and Confidentiality	36
Deception in Research (Ethical Use of Misleading Information)	36
Chapter 1: Review Questions	38
Chapter 2: Building Blocks of Development	40
A. Foundations of Biological Development	40
Concepts of Genetics	40
Cell Division	41
	41
Genetic Codes	41
Genetic Disorders	43
Genetic Testing	44
B. Prenatal and Early Influences	45
Prenatal Development	45
Germinal Stage (Weeks 1 & 2):	45
Embryonic Stage (Weeks 3 - 8):	45
Fetal Stage (Weeks 9 - Birth):	46
Prenatal Brain Development	46
First Trimester (Months 1–3)	46
Second Trimester (Months 4–6)	46
Third Trimester (7-9 months)	46
Issues During Prenatal Development	46
Perinatal Environment	48
Stages of Labor	48
Neonatal Assessments	50
Bonding	50
C. Growth and Maturation	51
Principles of Biological Development	51
Physical Development in Newborn	51
Physical Development in Childhood	53
Physical Development in Adolescence	53
Physical Development in Adulthood	54
Nutritional Influences	57
D. Regulatory Systems	58
The Brain	58
The Nervous System	59
Central Nervous System (CNS)	60
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)	61
Development of the Brain and Nervous System	62
Hormones and Development	63
E. Perceptual Development Throughout the Lifespan	64
Sensory Development in Infants	64
Role of Attention in Perceptual Development	64
Habituation	65
Sensorimotor Activities	65
Gestalt Perception	67
Sensitive Periods	68
Sensory Deprivation	69
Chapter 2: Review Questions	70
Chapter 3: Cognitive and Social Domains	72
A. Core Cognitive Processes	72
Attention	72
Memory	73
Information Processing	73
Types of Memory	74
How Memory Changes Over Time	74
Information Retrieval Strategies	75
Thinking	75
B. Development and Learning	77
Piaget’s Cognitive Development	77
Lev Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory	78
Play and Cognitive Development	78
Problem Solving and Planning	79
C. Individual Differences and Influences	79
Expertise	80
Wisdom	80
Environmental Influences on Cognitive Development	81
D. Language Development	81
Influences on Language Development	81
Foundations of Language	82
Stages of Language	82
	82
Components of Language	83
Theories of Language Development	83
	83
Noam Chomsky’s Nativist Theory	84
B.F. Skinner’s Behaviorist Theory	84
Information-Processing Theory	84
Social Interaction Theory	84
Vygotsky’s Social-Constructivist Theory	84
Bilingualism	85
Role of Formal Education in Language Development	85
E. Intelligence Throughout the Lifespan	86
Theories of Intelligence	86
Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory	86
Factors Influencing Intelligence	88
Reaction Range	88
Measurement and Development	88
F. Social Development Throughout the Lifespan	89
Foundations of Social Development	89
Harlow’s Monkey Experiment	89
John Bowlby's Attachment Theory	90
Mary Ainsworth's Attachment Theory	90
The Stranger Situation Study:	90
Erikson's Psychosocial Development Theory	91
Self Concepts	91
Social Cognition	93
Social Interactions and Relationships	94
Interpersonal Relationships	94
	94
Theories of Attraction and Relationships	95
Key Factors Impacting Relationships Across Life Stages	95
Adolescent Relationships	95
Stages of Interpersonal Relationship	97
	97
Stages of Relationship Decline (Possible Dissolution):	98
Gender Socialization	98
Social Information Processing	99
Social Behaviors and Outcomes	100
Moral Development	101
Risk and Resilience	103
Health and Hazards of Adolescence	104
Common Risks:	104
Concerns and Conflicts of Early Adulthood	104
	104
Impact of Social Development on Wellness	105
Chapter 3: Review Questions	106
Chapter 4: Contextual Influences	108
A. Family, Home, and Society Throughout the Lifespan	108
Family Relationships	108
	110
Abuse and Neglect	111
B. Broader Contextual Influences	111
Social Factors	111
Class Factors	112
Multicultural Perspectives	112
Media and Technology	113
C. Death and Dying	114
Understanding Death Across the Lifespan	114
Study of Death and Dying	115
The Hospice Movement: Humanizing End-of-Life Care	115
Stages of Grief	115
Bereavement	116
Mourning: Cultural Responses to Death	116
Right to Die	117
Advance Directives and Living Wills	117
D. Foundations of Learning and Development	118
Learning and Development	118
Applications of Developmental Principles	118
Learning Styles	119
Operant Conditioning	121
E. Role Transitions	122
Career Development Theory	123
F. Preschool Care, Day Care, and Elder Care	124
Approaches Used in Daycare and Preschool	124
Care for Older Adults	125
G. Retirement	125
Pre-Retirement Planning	125
Stages of Retirement	126
H. Intervention and Support Programs	126
Chapter 4: Review Questions	128
Chapter 5: Individual Differences	130
A. Theoretical Perspectives of Personality and Emotion	130
Sigmund Freud	130
Erik Erikson	132
Roger Gould's Adult Development	134
B. Emotional Foundations	135
Emotional Development	135
Development of Emotions	136
	136
Some Key Terms of Social and Emotional Development	137
Emotional Regulation	137
Emotional Intelligence	140
Attachment	140
Emotional Concerns and Conflicts of Adolescence	141
Ageism	142
Gerontology and Ageism	142
C. Personality	142
The Big Five Personality Traits	143
Stability vs. Change in Personality	144
Attribution Styles	144
D. Early-Onset Disorders	145
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)	146
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)	146
Learning Disabilities	147
E. Diagnosing Mental Disorders	148
F. Internalizing Disorders	148
Anxiety Disorders	149
Developmental Considerations	149
Common Types of Anxiety Disorders in Youth	149
Mood Disorders	149
Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)	149
Bipolar Disorder	150
Personality Disorders	152
Differentiating Behavior	152
	152
Trauma and Stressor Related Disorders	153
Contributing Factors:	153
G. Externalizing Disorders	153
Common Externalizing Disorders	153
Phobia	153
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)	154
H. Other Considerations	155
Intellectual Disability (ID)	155
	155
Chronic Illnesses and Physical Disabilities	156
Neurocognitive Disorders	156
Neurodevelopmental Disorders	157
Chapter 5: Review Questions	158
Practice Exam	160
Answer Keys	172
Chapter Review Questions	172
Answer Keys and Rationale	174
Chapter Review Questions Rationale	174
Chapter 1: Theoretical Perspectives	174
Chapter 2: Building Blocks of Development	175
Chapter 3: Cognitive and Social Domains	176
Chapter 4: Contextual Influences	177
Chapter 5: Individual Differences	179
Practice Exam Rationale	181
Glossary	187

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