Human Growth and Development

Class Factors Socioeconomic status (SES) influences opportunities in education, health, and career paths. ●​ Education & Neighborhood Safety: Wealthier families often have access to better schools and safer environments, positively affecting cognitive and social development. ●​ Healthcare & Nutrition: Lower-income families may face limited access to healthcare and healthy food, potentially affecting physical health and learning abilities. Research on Social Class & Parenting Styles ●​ Annette Lareau’s Unequal Childhoods (2003) found that: >​ Middle-class parents engage in concerted cultivation, involving children in structured activities and offering homework support. >​ Lower-class parents use the “accomplishment of natural growth” style, allowing children more freedom but providing less structured academic support, which can limit language development and educational opportunities. ●​ Social Class & Career Paths >​ Higher SES children are often encouraged toward white-collar professions (law, medicine, technology). >​ Lower SES children may enter service-oriented or trade professions, influenced by financial constraints and cultural expectations. Multicultural Perspectives A child's cultural background affects social, emotional, and cognitive growth. Key cultural influences include family structure, religion, education, and community values.

Collectivistic Cultures

Individualistic Cultures

●​ Emphasize interdependence and group harmony. ●​ Children are socialized to prioritize family and community obligations. ●​ Teamwork and collaboration are emphasized in education and careers. ●​ Success is a collective achievement that reflects well on the family. ●​ Strong family and community support networks offer guidance and security.

●​ Value personal achievement and self-expression. ●​ Children are encouraged to set personal goals and pursue individual success. ●​ Critical thinking and independence are encouraged in learning and work. ●​ Intrinsic motivation and ambition drive personal success. ●​ Self-reliance is encouraged, promoting adaptability and innovation.

These cultural perspectives shape how children approach learning, relationships, and future careers, demonstrating the diverse ways societies foster development.

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