Human Growth and Development

Let's consider an example of someone named "John" who struggles with saying no to drugs.

Freud's Aggression Instinct Theory suggests that aggression is an inherent drive, part of human nature, and closely linked to survival instincts. He proposed that humans possess both life ( Eros ) and death ( Thanatos ) instincts, with aggression stemming from the death instinct. According to Freud, this aggressive energy can be redirected or repressed, and when not managed, it can lead to destructive behavior. Defense Mechanisms Defense mechanisms are unconscious strategies that the ego uses to protect itself from anxiety, shame, or guilt. Below is the table showing the different defense mechanisms.

Defense Mechanism

Definition

Example

Blocks threatening memories from the conscious mind Projection of aggression onto objects other than its source. Rationalization happens when someone gives a reasonable but not completely true explanation for their actions to avoid feeling uncomfortable or being judged. An individual unconsciously transforms an uncomfortable feeling or impulse into its opposite behavior or expression.

Repression

Children in abusive homes may forget the abuse that occurred. A child upset about a new sibling might tear off a doll's head or cut its hair. A person who does not drink alcohol might say, “I have to wake up early” or “I’m on medication” instead of saying they don’t like alcohol or had a bad experience in the past. A person who feels uncertain about their religious beliefs may strongly commit to a religion and actively try to convert others. A child who sucked their thumb as a baby may revert to this behavior when a new baby arrives.

Displacement

Rationalization

Reaction Formation

The state of reverting to previous behavior

Regression

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