Human Growth and Development

Social Learning Theory vs. Social Cognitive Theory Over time, social learning theory developed into social cognitive theory, adding a greater emphasis on cognitive processes in learning. Key Concepts in Social Cognitive Theory: 1.​ Self-Efficacy: A person’s belief in their ability to succeed in a task or achieve a goal. Higher self-efficacy leads to more effort and persistence. 2.​ Reciprocal Determinism: Development is shaped by the interaction of: ●​ Behavior (actions and choices) Example: A child who believes they are good at math (self-efficacy) is more likely to study hard (behavior), which improves their grades and builds confidence. Their positive environment (support from teachers and parents) reinforces their learning. Sociocultural Theory Lev Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory emphasizes the importance of social interactions and cultural context in cognitive development. He believed that children learn best through guided interactions with more knowledgeable individuals, such as parents, teachers, and peers. Learning is also shaped by cultural tools , such as language, symbols, and technology. Vygotsky recognized that language connects communities and that the knowledge children acquire is influenced by the cultural values and practices of the adults around them. Key Concepts: ●​ Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): The gap between what a child can do alone and what they can achieve with guidance from a more skilled person. ＞ ​ Example: A child struggling with math can solve problems with a teacher’s help but not independently. With practice, they gain the skill to do it alone. ●​ Scaffolding: Temporary support from a more knowledgeable individual that helps a child master a task. As the child becomes more competent, the support is gradually removed. ＞ ​ Example: A parent helping a child tie their shoes by guiding their hands until they can do it alone. ●​ Cultural Tools: Physical and psychological tools that influence learning, including language, writing, numbers, and technology . ＞ ​ Example: The use of calculators, books, or storytelling to teach concepts in different cultures. ●​ Personal factors (thoughts, emotions, traits) ●​ Environment (social and physical surroundings)

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