Human Growth and Development

Topic

Details

Hearing

Women lose hearing around 45–50; men around 30. High-frequency hearing is lost first.

Genetics plays a larger role than age in vision loss. Common Issues: ●​ Astigmatism: caused by an irregularly shaped cornea or lens. ●​ Presbyopia: Age-related vision changes. ●​ Glaucoma: Increased eye pressure, treatable with medication. ●​ Cataracts: Cloudy lenses, correctable with surgery.

Vision

Body System Changes

●​ Decline in cardiovascular and digestive systems. ●​ The immune system weakens and may attack itself.

Lifestyle and Nutrition

About 50% of deaths are due to lifestyle choices. The leading causes are heart disease and cancer, with risk factors like smoking, excessive alcohol, obesity, and low fiber intake. Regular exercise improves cognition and reduces health risks. Men: Higher mortality rates, greater risk of death from heart disease. Women: Higher rates of disease and disability, greater risk of reproductive cancers. Menopause (between 42–58)- cessation of menstruation and reduced estrogen. Perimenopause precedes menopause- irregular periods, hot flashes, cold sweats. Hormone Replacement Therapy can alleviate symptoms but increases cancer risk. Male Climacterics: Reduced testosterone, fertility, and sperm production. Erectile Dysfunction: A common issue in middle-aged men.

Health Differences by Gender Reproductive System in Women

Reproductive System in Men

In late adulthood , typically 65 onwards, older adults often experience ageism , which involves stereotypes, prejudice, and discrimination based on their age. They may experience societal bias, which can impact their quality of life and access to healthcare, employment, and social opportunities.

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