Human Growth and Development

Noam Chomsky’s Nativist Theory Noam Chomsky proposed that humans are born with an innate ability to learn language. He introduced the concept of a Language Acquisition Device (LAD) —a built-in mental system that helps children grasp grammar and syntax naturally. ●​ He also introduced Universal Grammar , which explains why children can learn multiple languages easily and understand sentence structure. ●​ The critical period hypothesis suggests that early childhood is the best time for language learning, as the brain is most receptive. ●​ Bilingual children who grow up with two languages can switch between them fluently and achieve native-like proficiency B.F. Skinner’s Behaviorist Theory B.F. Skinner believed language is learned through operant conditioning (a system of rewards and reinforcement). ●​ Children repeat words and associate them with objects or actions. ●​ Parents reinforce correct speech through praise, attention, or smiles. ●​ Imitation plays a key role in early language development. Information-Processing Theory This theory suggests that children learn language by recognizing patterns and using cognitive skills. ●​ Environmental exposure and feedback help shape their language abilities. ●​ The brain processes language like a computer, storing and organizing information over time. Social Interaction Theory Social interaction theorists believe that language development is driven by communication with caregivers and peers. ●​ Children learn grammar and language use through conversation and interaction. ●​ Caregivers adjust speech by simplifying or expanding language to help children understand. Vygotsky’s Social-Constructivist Theory Lev Vygotsky emphasized that language is learned through social interaction and later becomes part of thinking. ●​ More Knowledgeable Others (MKO): (parents, teachers, or older peers) guide learning. ●​ Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD): Language skills develop between what a child can do alone and what they can do with support. ●​ Private Speech: Young children often talk to themselves while solving problems, which later becomes inner speech (thinking). ●​ Cultural Tools: Language is shaped by culture and environment, influencing how children think and communicate.

© 2025 ACHIEVE ULTIMATE CREDIT-BY-EXAM GUIDE | HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT