Human Growth and Development

Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Gardner proposed nine types of intelligence , recognizing strengths beyond traditional IQ tests. These include:

This theory highlights that people have different strengths that may not be measured by traditional intelligence tests. John B. Carroll’s Three-Stratum Theory of Intelligence Carroll’s model organizes intelligence into three levels: ●​ Stratum I: Narrow Abilities – Specific skills like memory, verbal fluency, and problem-solving. ●​ Stratum II: Broad Abilities – General categories like fluid intelligence, crystallized intelligence, and processing speed. ●​ Stratum III: General Intelligence (g) – A single factor that influences all cognitive abilities. This theory shows how specific skills are connected to broader thinking abilities, with general intelligence (g) at the top.

Crystallized Intelligence: Accumulated knowledge and skills, such as vocabulary, facts, and procedures. It stays stable or improves with age. ●​ Example: Excelling at crossword puzzles or trivia.

Fluid Intelligence: The ability to think abstractly, solve new problems, and adapt. It involves reasoning, processing speed, and working memory. While it may decline with age, it can remain strong through mental engagement. ●​ Example: A scientist designing a new experiment. Practical Intelligence: The ability to apply knowledge in real-world situations. It combines both crystallized and fluid intelligence and includes decision-making and social intelligence. ●​ Example: A student managing time for assignments or a diplomat handling negotiations.

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