Humanities Study Guide

Humanities Study Guide

the empirical facts of perception. Degas is seen as closer to the realist style than many other impressionists. His arbitrary framing and off-center nature was disconcerting to many viewers. Alongside impressionism, a new painting style emerged known as pointillism. Pointillism is when an entire artwork is created by using tiny, meticulous dots. It rejected impressionism for its improvisation and informality. Georges Seurat is one of the most famous painters who used pointillism, as seen in his painting, A Sunday on La Grande Jatte. Artists during this time were making rapid innovations, and as time pushed forward, art became less conventional and more experimental, leading eventually into what’s known as modern art. Paul Cezanne is seen as the father of modern art. He sought to create enduring artworks using nature as a principle subject. He often featured brilliant colors as well as transient effects of light and color. His work helped pave the way for abstract art, breaking away from formality. Paul Gauguin used bold designs and intense colors to create extraordinary visual experiences. He created a place that expressed the elemental forces of human feelings. Overtime, Gauguin's work became more abstract and resembled Japanese prints, with large blocks of color. Vincent Van Gogh is known for his bold artworks that also resembled Japanese-influenced pieces. His work attempted to express the terrible passions of humanity, using color and texture to create feeling. He wanted to explore the quiet innocence of the village and countryside where he lived most of his life. Literature The social novel became the dominant literary form during the late 1800s. These novels told stories of life in the Industrial Revolution from a variety of different class perspectives. Among the most influential novelists were Charles Dickens and Gustave Flaubert. Dickens was an outspoken man who did not stray from describing the injustices of industrialism. He often drew a contrast between the social classes as a theme in his novels, like in A Tale of Two Cities . His works portrayed the social evils of the period, especially its cruelty to children. He often appealed directly for industrial and social reform, which aided his popularity. Flaubert’s works were known for their cynicism. He often envisioned the world as a place of competition between illusion and disillusionment, hope and realism, principle, and hypocrisy. His characters, such as those in Madame Bovary, struggle to understand and deal with the challenges of modern society. During the late 19th century, novelists were focused on the inner life of psychologically complex characters. They sought to emphasize the characters' perceptions and feelings more than their actions.

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