SAMPLE Introduction to Psychology
James helped widen the scope of psychology to include the study of various biological and mental processes and overt behavior. Although functionalism no longer exists as a school of thought within psychology,itstraditionenduresintwomodern-dayfields: cognitivepsychology ,whichstudiesmental processes, and evolutionary psychology , which emphasizesthe adaptiveness of behavior. Gestalt Psychology - WERTHEIMER, KOFFKA, KÖHLER By the 1920s, three German scientists had formed a school of thoughtknownasGestaltpsychology, whichexaminedhowthemindorganizeselementsofexperienceintoaunifiedorwholeperception.They argued that perceptions are organized so that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Gestalt psychology stimulated interest in topics such as perception and problem-solving. According to the OxfordDictionary,theword gestalt referstoanorganizedwholethatisperceivedasmorethanthesum of its parts. Classical Conditioning - IVAN PAVLOV Intheearly1900s,experimentsbyRussianphysiologistIvanPavlovrevealedhowlearningoccurswhen eventsare associated withoneanother.Pavlovfoundthatdogsautomaticallylearnedtosalivatetothe sound of a new stimulus, such as a tone or bell, if that stimuluswasrepeatedlypairedwithaknown stimulus , such as food. This particular typeofpsychologyexamineshoworganismslearnthroughthe consequences of their actions. Thus, learning is the key to understanding how experience molds behavior . D. The 7 Major Perspectives of Modern Psychology
Manyhistoricalaspectsandperspectivesmentionedearlier in psychology still hold relevance and can be observed in modern-day psychological perspectives. These enduring influences highlightthelastingimpactofpasttheoriesand ideas on our understanding of human behavior and the development of contemporary psychological frameworks . Cognitive - JEAN PIAGET & ALBERT BUNDURA The cognitive perspective, embodied by the subfield of cognitive psychology, views humans as information processorswhothink,judge,andsolveproblems.Cognitive neuroscience examines brain processes that occur as people perform mental tasks. This perspective views the human as a thinker, studying a person’s thoughts, anticipations,planning,perceptions,attention,andmemory processes.
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