N109: Foundations in Nursing Practice

N109: Foundations in Nursing Practice Study Guide

Kohlberg’s Moral Development Pre-conventional level: Morality is defined as obeying rules and avoiding negative consequences. Children in this stage see rules set, typically by parents, as defining moral law. Whatever satisfies the child’s needs is seen as good andmoral. Fowler’s Spiritual Development Intuitive-projective faith: Here, the child is egocentric. In this stage, the child’simagination is formed. The child imitates the faith of his parents without understanding the meaning. 1.5 School-Age: 6 to 12 Years Physical Development Deciduous (baby) teeth are shed during the school-age years. Weight gain is more rapid during these years and girls may outweigh boys at this age. Both sexes will typically experience a growth spurt immediately before puberty during which the extremities grow faster than the trunk, often resulting in awkwardness. Stereognosis, or the ability to identify objects by touch, is fully developed during this stage. By age 11, vision is fully developed and visual screening becomes critical. Hearing is fully developed during this stage and the child with normal hearing will be able to differentiate fine distinctions in sounds. As puberty approaches, and the endocrine glands begin to increase in function, perspiration and body odor increase. Coordination and physical skills develop rapidly during this period and fine motor skills are being perfected. Common Health Problems Identified in this Stage During the school-age stage, motor vehicle accidents are the leading cause of death. Drowning and bicycle accidents are also common. Safety precautions (for example, the use of seatbelts, bicycle helmets, and swimming with other people) must be stressed with the school-age child. During this stage, the child may become more prone to being overweight as eating habits and lack of exercise begin to be more common. Immunization status must continue to be assessed. Havighurst’s Developmental Tasks During this period, developmental tasks include developing physical skills to play games, learning to get along with other children, developing a positive attitude toward self, learning acceptable social roles, and gaining basic reading, writing, and math skills. Children also begin to develop a sense of morality as well as independence. Freud’s Psychosocial Development Latency stage: During this stage, sexual urges remain repressed and children interact and play mostly with same sex peers.

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